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PREFACE 
BEGINNING September, 1887, and ending July, 1899, the papers 
mentioned in the bibliography record 7,817 visits to 278 flowers. 
The present work records 15,172 visits to 441 flowers, nearly twice 
as many, excluding visits to 12 wind flowers. Mueller’s ‘‘ Fertilisa- 
tion of flowers’’ records 5,231 visits, and his ‘‘Alpenblumen”’ 
gives 8,491. 
The observations were made within ten miles of Carlinville. 
The number of species of bees found on flowers at Carlinville is 
Bb 
296: compared with New York, 189; Connecticut, 231; New 
Jersey, 250. The list of visitors contains types of 232 new species 
of insects. 
In identifying insects assistance has been afforded in Hymenop- 
tera by W. H. Ashmead, Nathan Banks, J. C. Crawford, E. T. 
Cresson, R. A. Cushman, A. B. Gahan, W. J. Fox, L. O. Howard, 
Theo Pergande, and S. A. Rohwer; in Diptera by J. M. Aldrich, 
D. W. Coquillett, C. W. Johnson, J. R. Malloch, R. R. Parker, C. 
H. T. Townsend, and S. W. Williston; in Lepidoptera by G. H. 
French and C. A. Hart; in Coleoptera by C. A. Frost, C. A. Hart, 
Charles Liebeck, and Samuel Henshaw; in Hemiptera by C. A. 
Hart, H. M. Parshley, and P. R. Uhler; in Neuroptera by Nathan 
Banks and J. C. Crawford. 
In 1887 names were rather readily obtained for Syrphidae, 
Bombyliidae, and Conopidae. In 1888 for 384 specimens of 
Diptera, estimated as 89 species, but certainly containing many — 
more, only 17 specific determinations were received. It was hard 
to get names for Tachinidae until 1891-2 when Townsend supplied 
them. By Coquillett the Empididae were identified in 1894-5, and 
many Tachinidae and other Diptera in 1896-1901. For Sar- 
cophagidae only a few names, some erroneous, were obtained until 
1920 when they were determined by Parker. 
In 1892-1901 many non-aculeate Hymenoptera were identified 
by Ashmead. Many manuscript names were supplied by him. 
Some of these have never been described, while others have been 
described under other names. 
Particular difficulty was experienced in the case of the bees, 
by far the most important for the investigation. Of the bees 
recognized only about 39.8 per cent are mentioned in Cresson’s 
catalogue of 1887, and of those only about 46.6 per cent were 
identified for both sexes. At present I know both sexes in 81.7 
per cent of the local bees. 
3 
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