91 
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS: THE PUPA. 
Taste XLVII.—E fect of moisture on transformations of the plum curculio in the ground, 
Barnesville, Ga., 1910. 
; - _ | Sandy loam moist at 
Red clay kept nor- ee ay a au Sandy poem kept sine but allowed 
mally moist (247 Sunste but setleneaig poms y moist to dry out (288 
larve, Aug. 6-9). to dry out (245 (280 larvee, Aug. larve, Aug. 10- 
Dates of emergence of ; larvee, Aug.6-9).| 10-13). i) ie ; 
adults and parasites. ; 
uy Para- W Para- : Para- Para- 
Adults. citee. Adults. Silas: Adults. Sie Adults sites 
Seen ten ws 74) aeeeSeeic OA ee ee Mer er a bh ict ee el ee Pe ca 
31 Beres Gente Godene Scan le tse Geet eee hae ES a aerial ewe piece 
tests Ce hig a Oiler cectier Sal bapdadas ce es fora eeseTal| Meteo ls nee em erate eer 
1 Ltt ieee cs gS) (ogee Milewetes ares 1 
2 Boe Se ne 1G) RCO cee OM eae aieneee 3 
2 ON lots ake Se ee rmxc sem miornie Be Ee es meee 2 
itl sce qaePeaaaaee 19 Ob Eee Sasi loee eee esos De | pase 3 
Sse ae oe See 15 Se eae ese SA reek eee Ue aa eek 1 
(SoBe s- SSeAaee 17 TIES see eee RE ee O(a crcaerecemte 3 
pects es, fae 17 1 GY ae aces Ja ee ae Sea a ee 
as See 13} eee ee PERT ees eT NE a lO), |e see ital PReeee ee 
Jt) aie ie eee Tb) | Beemer ree 1 We Piero BR Tl es Seppo Nose 
1S eae ee 110) af eet 1 (Ss Seer cre tem Le eat ee PH Beas Doce 
1 ee ae eee (| BOOB caa ABE? Seema (erie ra 1 PAN Be Se aae he 
Desc sas Sas cl eee NE a are a i Ne ir Cae arte (ei be ee oe 
Tae ecctcstekice {SoBe tee pS S| Pome soo! | im |e ES Seen be eee es eee ae 
UES Soe eee (| Sepa ee! Va ee Cee Ser arse eel (ie auemna! Il Ua eee a es fy ee eeeceen 
iL 8 ee ee eee (hl Seas Sea sere Sec | Saar eae IG See eee SAeemse ce 
ee eee eta en | Sei tn ee Ee eee eo|s |) A itccceeeacelemscscmes-[steccmecre a 
1 (ee eee age Fp tee Sea |S ee ee ee eee ne See ee eee ae Hi eae Selle sam saeeee 
LIES esas SE. es DN aoe: wae AD Ener eerie © 6 Me tOnl| Satan ese Solem se eel Eee ele 
AQ e eee Ses oes Heleee tere eee Saas tect 0 | dni seoeasemlnemaeenek alin casas 
2. OA Sint: Sates epee Eee ae em RSE eres] etl VAR sees inca celee aie nallAcianeoeeae 
0 Cee ee ete eee ceases ele mced Mellen ai, wD Goes ceases lt evasion sles sacekee 
ee eee eee enee BIRT te ao lene er meee Aooecel| td) | Paeieasemectelle Sicscis meal tarnncecics 
OF dee Gone eee TL es Spee ed eee eh a oe RP Le eee ee |= ya tetade twice Siare eat ecole Mer almibaralerele 
eee [pers oe Seaman wane |o<c ae nace s| jones ce ste Dr saaese sce lessac ane | eee since 
OA ao aoe eee 2 Cee SS ee ee [Re ee | | ee Pa es te (ee Serene ee 
ae eee eee ree | Me Be re oe se Sears [hos ooo lnc scenes nell seme bteninntecisaoecnselne oncemene 
ee ae eee ete Secret law ose lo os} Fe oe ee [ai ad eree dha c te ake |e eee Ie Soop d atl seen ceiend 
OE aA SSS eee SEE oe Boe Gere Pee cere | Pere ee Ce ae Re eee Soe Ibs ee ees 
7 ee eee TEs Eesha | Ca AT | Pee Sets eae ee EL eee 
BU eee seein oo ake TE ees eae See | em eee ee ete hes ool | ier peg ll Pee Sear ae (Lor eae | ee 
pROtae eee aS 163 30 78 2 164 32 6 13 
Percentage. .... Gos9O Al sek cone SISA ee som fen OGIO Tele rsceeieeer 208s eee ener 
Percentage adults 
and parasites emerg- 
Oe Oe nee 78.13 32. 65 70. 00 6.90 
1 The soil in box had dried so hard that it was considered impossible for any beetles to emerge. To deter- 
mine the effect of wetting, water was applied on the evening of Sept. 6. The record shows the prompt 
emergence of the beetles. 
In the case of the red-clay soil kept normally moist, 65.99 per cent 
of the larve transformed to adults, or if account be taken of the para- 
sites, 78.13 per cent. From the box containing dry red clay soil it is 
highly probable that not a single adult would have been able to escape 
without the thorough soaking given on September 6. That many 
beetles were still alive is shown by the prompt emergence of 67 the 
day following, and 11 more during the next 3 days. The effect of 
drought on this type of soil is also shown to reduce emergence of para- 
sites. A total of 32.65 per cent of the individuals in this box are 
accounted for as beetles or parasites. 
From the normally moist sandy-loam soil 164 beetles developed and 
32 parasites, giving a total percentage of individuals accounted for 
of 70 per cent as compared with the emergence record of 6.90 per cent 
of the dry sandy loam soil. 
