1920] Chapman: Coleoptera including Strepsiptera 175' 



typically campodiform, some of the Tenebrionidae may be taken 

 for the eruciform, while certain of the Buprestidae, Ceramby- 

 cidae, Ipidas and others represent the apodiform type. 



The metamorphosis is complete, but there are cases of 

 h3^permetamorphosis. Among the Meloidae we have this- 

 specialized type of development which illustrates, in a single 

 species, all three types of larvae, the campodiform, the eruciform 

 (perhaps more scarabeoid) and the apodiform. There are other 

 changes of form from one instar to another in the case of 

 Taphrocerus (Buprestidae) which hatches with the structure 

 of a typical wood borer, but which appears later with the 

 structure of a typical leaf miner. Some of the Bruchidae have 

 small functional thoracic legs in the first instar, but after they 

 enter the nutrient substance in which the remainder of their 

 life is to be spent, they become apodiform. 



The pupae are usually soft and protected from evaporation 

 by a cell formed from materials of the environment cemented 

 together by a secretion. However, some of the leaf miners 

 which pupate in the leaves where the thin epidermis gives them 

 little protection {Taphrocerus, Buprestidae) are covered with a 

 coat of chitin. 



Most adult beetles are similar in general form, but the 

 Platypsyllidae are parasitic upon beavers and resemble other 

 parasites which live upon vertebrate hosts. Indeed they were 

 first described as Mallophaga. Specialization has led to degen- 

 eration in the case of the rhipaphorid parasite of the cockroach, 

 the female of which is larviform. Among the Strepsiptera there 

 are cases which have gone much farther and the female is a 

 sack-like organism without means of locomotion which remains 

 attached to its host throughout its life and from which the 

 young emerge as larvae. 



The number of broods, the length of life and the number of 

 molts are of the greatest significance in this consideration. 

 These are interdependent and inseperable. There is no great 

 uniformity in these respects when the group is considered as a 

 whole nor is there always constancy even within a single species. 

 Changes in certain environmental factors may, alter the number 

 of broods, change the length of life and the number of molts. 

 But it should not be concluded that a change in a certain factor 

 will cause a change in all species, or that some species can be 

 changed at all. Nor are we justified in concluding, a priori,. 



