338 



Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XIII, 



If all of these various types of vegetation were to be left 

 undisturbed by the agencies of man, such as lumbering, fires 

 and agricultural activities, the whole country would in the end 

 go to the climax magnolia-hickory-oak association. 



The rapidity with which the climax association takes posses- 

 sion of the country is dependent on the kind of soil present. 



CLIMAX ASSOCIATION. 



(M. grandiflora) Magnolia 

 (Hicoria glabra) Hickory 

 (L. styraciflua) Sweet gum 

 (P. echinata) Short-leaf pine 

 (Q. nigra) Water Oak 

 (Q. falcata) Spanish oak 

 (Q. virginiana) Live oak 

 (P. palustris) Long-leaf pine 

 <(Q. catesbaei)i 

 (Q. laurifolia) > Scrub oaks 

 (Q. pumila)) 

 (P. clausa) Spruce pine 



Spruce Pine Land 



Magnolia (M. grandiflora) 

 Hickory (Hicoria glabra) 

 Red maple (Acer rubrum) 

 Black gum (Nyssa spp.) 

 Cypress f(T. distichum) 



\(T. imbricarium) 

 Buttonbush (Cephalanthus americanum) 

 Bulrush (Scirpus validus) 

 Water hyacinth (Piaropus crassipes) 

 Bonnets (Nymphaea macrophylla) 

 Water-lily (Castalia odorata) 



Pond or Lake 



Fig. 7. Showing the convergence of two types of habitats to the climax 

 association, the magnolia-hickory-oak hammock. 



