Involute.] 



MOLLUSCA. 



41 



This species lives chiefly in districts where % the chalk or 

 Oolitic rocks prevail, its habitat being the roots of trees, and 

 under stones, in dry situations. 



In the young condition the shell has an earthy covering, and 

 in this state is the Helix ventricosa of Miiller. 



Genus 51. — Vertigo. — Miiller. 



Shell subcylindrical, subfusiform, thin and transparent; volu- 

 tions narrow, appearing as if squeezed together, gradually 

 decreasing in size, and becoming abruptly obtuse at the apex; 

 aperture contracted, sinuated, somewhat angular, toothed inter- 

 nally, marginated ; outer lip subreflected and simple. 



Section 1 Shells dextral, nearly cylindrical ; aperture 



externally margined. 



1. Vertigo edentula, pi. XVIII, f. 36. 



Pupa edentula, Drapernaud, p. 59, pi. 3, f. 28, 29 ; Alder, 

 Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 112; Rossmassler, X, p. 28, pi. 49, 

 f. 646; Turton, Man., p. 99, pi. 7, f. 80; Thompson, Ann. and 

 Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 39 ; Vertigo nitida, Ferussac, Tab. 

 Moll., p. 64 ; Alaa nitidi, Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XVI, p. 358 ; 

 Alcea revoluta, Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XVI, p. 515 and 558; 

 Turbo oflenensis, Sheppard, Linn. Trans., XIV, p. 155; Turbo 

 edentula, Wood, Cat. Sup., pi. 6, f. 14. 



Shell ovately conical, or subcylindrical, somewhat ventricose, 

 of a transparent horn-colour ; spire consisting of four or five 

 well rounded volutions, which are deeply divided by the sutural 

 line, and terminate in a slightly obtuse apex; the whole covered 

 with nearly obsolete striae; aperture semicircular, destitute of 

 teeth ; outer lip thin on the edge, without a rib behind ; with 

 a very minute umbilicus. Length a tenth of an inch. 



Found in many localities in Great Britain and Ireland. Its 

 favourite resort is marshy situations. Mr. Thompson says, 

 "The typical form of V. edentula I generally find under stones; 

 the elongated and cylindrical variety in woods — in autumn and 

 winter this latter is most readily obtained on the fallen leaves 

 of trees; in summer on the under side of the fronds of ferns." 



The elongated variety has not unfrequently seven or eight 

 volutions, and is often one and a half line in length. 



2. Vertigo pygm«a, pi. XVIII, f. 37. 



Vertigo pygnuea, Ferussac, Tab. Moll., p. 64; Turton, Man., 

 p. 103, f. 83; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 112; Thomp- 

 son, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 40; Vertigo vulgaris, 

 Leach, Moll., p. 129; Pupa pygmaa, Drapernaud, p. 60, pi. 3, 

 f. 30, 31 ; Forbes, Mai. Mon., p. 12; Turbo sexdentahis, young 

 shell, Montagu, p. 337; Alaa vulgaris, Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., 

 XVI, p. 359; Helix Isthima, Gray, Med. Rep., 1821, p. 239. 



Shell oviform, somewhat ventricose, of a glossy, semipellucid, 

 dark reddish-brown colour ; spire composed of three or four 

 almost smooth, rather ventricose volutions, the apicial one 

 abruptly smaller than that below it ; aperture sublimate, pro- 

 vided with five teeth, two of which are situate on the columella, 

 the upper one largest, one on the base of the body or superior 

 portion of the aperture, and two on the outer lip, which, with 

 the inner lip, is thin and externally margined, and a little 

 reflected, with a minute subumbilicus behind the columellar lip; 

 outer lip with a longitudinal rib externally. 



Found in almost all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, 

 although not numerous in any one locality ; its favourite resort 

 is under stones in dry situations, as far as our experience has 

 gone; but Mr. Thompson, an accurate observer of nature, says, 

 he has found it both in wet and dry situations, from the sea 

 shore to elevated mountain localities. Mr. Forbes met with 

 it among grass at Douglas, Isle of Man. 



3. Vertigo cylindrica, pi. XVIII, f. 38. 



Vertigo cylindrica, Ferussac, Tab. Moll., p. 65 ; Alder, Mag. 

 Zool. and Bot., II, p. 112; Pupa obtusa, Fleming, Brit. An., 

 p. 269 ; Pupa muscorum, var. a, Drapernaud, p. 59, pi. 3, f. 

 36, 37 ; Pupa minutissiina, Hartmann, Neue Alpina, p. 220, 

 pi. 2, f. 5 ; Pfeiffer, III, p. 38, pi. 7, f. 12, 13 ; Rossmassler, I, 

 p. 84, pi. 2, f. 38. 



Shell cylindrical, pellucid, pale yellowish-brown ; spire con- 

 sisting of four convex, acutely and obliquely striated volutions ; 

 aperture ovate, slightly margined externally, and destitute of 

 teeth ; outer lip rather thin, with a narrow and small umbilicus 

 situate behind the columellar lip. Not quite a line in length. 



Found near the Village of Balmenna, Fifeshire, by my 

 friend Mr. Chalmers, surgeon, Kirkcaldy. Its habitat is under 

 stones. 



4. Vertigo sexdentata, pi. XIV, f. 8. 



Vertigo sexdentata, Turton, Man., p. 103, f. 84 ; Vertigo 

 4, 5 dentata, Studer, Catal.; Vertigo substriata, Alder, Cat. 

 Sup. Trans. Newcastle Nat. Hist. Soc, p. 34 ; lb., Mag. Zool. 

 and Bot., II, p. 1 12; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 

 p. 40 ; Turbo scxdentatus, Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 59, f. 8 ; 

 Brown, Ency. Brit., 6th Ed., VI, p. 457; Turton, Brit. Fan., 

 p. 184 ; Helix minuta, Miiller, Verm., II, p. 101. 



Shell subcylindrical, ventricose, subconic above, smooth, 

 glossy, of a brownish-yellow horn-colour ; spire consisting of 

 four slightly inflated' volutions, terminating in a rather obtuse 

 apex ; aperture sublunate, a little margined externally ; with a 

 thin, reflexed, slightly bent outer lip, which is usually provided 

 with four teeth, two on the upper portion of the aperture, the 

 right one the larger, and two on the columellar lip. Length 

 one line ; diameter half its length. 



Found in moist situations in Cornwall, Devonshire, Suflolk, 

 at Preston, Lancashire, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and at Ballan- 

 trae, Ayrshire. It is widely diffused throughout Ireland, 

 although rare where it is met with. 



5. Vertigo palustris, pi. XVIII, f. 39. 



Vertigo jmlustris, Leach, Moll., p. 128, pi. 8, f. 10; Turton, 

 Man., p. 104; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 112; Thomp- 

 son, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 40; Alcea palustris, 

 Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XVI, p. 360 ; Pupa antivertigo, Draper- 

 naud, p. 60, pi. 3, f. 32, 33. 



Shell oblong-ovate, subcylindrical, of a deep chestnut, glossy 

 brown-colour; spire subconic, composed of four volutions, 

 slightly inflated, and well defined by the sutural line; body 

 fully longer than the spire; aperture sublunate, with the 

 margins whitish, somewhat sinuated, and provided with eight 

 unequal teeth, three of which are situated on the outer lip, 

 three on the superior portion of the columella, and two on the 

 columellar lip ; outer lip with a considerable subsinus near its 

 centre. 



This species has sometimes a ninth tubercular tooth. It is 

 somewhat smaller than the V. scxdentatus. 



