62 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
tures, but where the sandstones are in heavy ledges loses its relative importance. 
From Sedan to Elgin it is easily traced. 
ELK FALLS ESCARPMENT, 
The next escarpment is produced by two heavy limestone formations which 
are usually separated by a sandstone formation, which, weathering slowly, brings 
all three ledges into practically the same slope. These formations and subse- 
quent ones are not here named, since it is not necessary to a discussion of the 
present subject and a strict correlation is not now possible. The escarpment is 
prominent west of Elk Falls. The two limestone formations produce the two 
heavy ledges seen along the railroad from Elk Falls to Moline. From Elk Falls 
southward the escarpment passes with many deep sinuosities around the head of 
Salt, North Caney, Middle Caney, and Cedar creeks, and leaves the state west of 
Elgin after having digressed up Big Caney nearly to Hewins. It is seen very 
prominent at Rogers, about five miles westof Sedan. Northward from Elk Falls 
it passes up Elk river nearly to Howard, then descends the river again; is found 
west of Hutchins creek; at Cave spring on the head of Indian creek; at Green- 
wood on Salt creek, and west of Fall river to the vicinity of Twin Falls. Thence 
it makes a broad bow to the east and so reaches Walnut creek, south of Neal. 
From there it trends to the northeast, but the character of the limestone and in- 
cluded sandstone formation is changing somewhat; so that it is not safe to con- 
jecture what its equivalent is beyond where the field work has been carried in 
detail. The back slope of this escarpment, which is comparatively even, is 
spoken of locally as a limestone prairie, in contrast to the sandstone area to the 
east. 
HOWARD ESCARPMENT. 
This is a low, even escarpment which from a distance somewhat resembles 
artificial embankments. It is seen at Howard in the north part of town. It is 
produced by thin limestone capping a shale bed which weathers very easily. 
Riding on the railroad, one can see it very conspicuous on the west side of the 
track from Moline to Severy. From this place to Climax the road cuts off a por- 
tion of it to the east. Beyond Climax it is again seen west of the railroad to 
Fall River. South of Moline its course is indicated on the map as being to the 
west of Middle Caney. At Wauneta it is somewhat higher and produces the pe- 
culiar rounded hills near that place. 
EUREKA ESCARPMENT. 
This escarpment is very conspicuous at Eureka. The town lies in the valley 
of Fall river. the escarpment making a high wall to the north, west, and south. 
The shale bed in the face of the escarpment carries some coal at various places, 
and the limestone above the shale has been traced in detail to the south, and is 
found to be persistent though not very heavy. It would appear from a hasty re- 
connoissance that it caps the terrace which is prominent just west of the railroad 
from Eureka to Madison and at the latter place. From Eureka southward it 
runs in a sinuous line around the head of Honey and Tadpole creeks; is promi- 
nent on Otter creek, where the north and south branches unite; is found 
half way between Severy and Piedmont; passes to the west of Pawpaw creek and 
is prominent on Elk river about five miles west of Howard. West of Moline it is 
the first hill beyond the low ones in the edge of town which belong to the How- 
ard escarpment. It has been traced to Leeds, thence south, passing west of 
Grant creek, and bending in an irregular course, producing the east bluff of the 
Caney at Cedarvale and for some distance north. To the south of Cedarvale it 
passes around the head of Rock creek to the state line. 
a ee ae 
