GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. 83 
The coal-mines of the northeastern part of the state are a great aid in the 
study of the stratigraphy. After passing north from Valley Falls it seems to be 
the Silver Lake coal that is mined. Mines are or have been located ‘five miles 
southwest of Horton” (I was unable to verify this statement, but it was probably 
on Cedar creek), about five miles southwest of Severance, at Robinson, on Roys 
creek about eight miles west of White Cloud, and on the north side of the Ne- 
maha river in Nebraska nearly due north of Robinson, Kan., and near Rulo, Neb. 
I think all the above mentioned mines are in the horizon of the Silver Lake 
coal, though it is possible that it is that of the Osage coal, and the limestone 
here considered as the base of the Burlingame system is the same as the cap-rock 
to the Osage coal. I did not have the opportunity to settle this point completely. 
On the north side of the road, three miles west of Hiawatha, on a little southern 
branch of Walnut creek, is a quarry of limestone, the elevation of which is a trifle 
over 1000 feet A. T., or about the same as the quarry mentioned near Robinson, 
which is almost ten miles east of this. Considering the fact that the strata are 
almost level here (probably dipping a little to the west), one would expect this 
western quarry to be stratigraphically somewhere from twenty to fifty feet above 
that at Robinson. The nature of the rock in the Hiawatha quarry is almost ex- 
actly the same as that of the Wakarusa limestone, which is fifteen to forty feet 
above the Burlingame limestone near Topeka. It is literally a mass of shells 
crushed together, forming a solid limestone two or three feet thick. With this 
check on the tracing, I think it safe to correlate, provisionally, the Robinson 
limestone with the Burlingame. 
On Roys creek and its tributaries, eight to ten miles north of Robinson, are 
some fairly good exposures showing the same sections as at Robinson. The 
lower member of the Burlingame limestone is exposed near the base of the bluff 
on the north side of the Great Nemaha, in Nebraska, north of the bridge, which 
is nearly due north of Robinson, Kan. My time was so limited that I was unable 
to make detailed observations except at this particular place. Coal has been 
mined in the very lowermost part of the bluff, a little west of the road, and a 
little above the base of the bluff is a stratum of massive, buff limestone which I 
believe to be the Burlingame. There seems to be a limestone forming a terrace: 
about midway between the lower limestone and the top of the hill, which is 
probably one or more of the other members of the Burlingame system. 
It is but a little way east of here to the mouth of the Great Nemaha where 
Hayden saw, as previously quoted, the exposure on the Missouri with the coal 
and sandstone in place. This is, without doubt, the same coal that is mined on 
the north side of the Nemaha just described, and at Robinson, and is, conse- 
quently, probably of the same horizon as the Silver Lake coal. 
Meek places the Minersville (Otoe ) section above that at Nebraska City, which, 
though unable to trace the strata from one place to the other, I think is correct. 
He also, provisionally, places the limestone at Rulo (the Burlingame) just above 
the Minersville section. I have never been over the ground between Rulo and 
Minersville; but the rocks at Minersville and Nebraska City are just what we 
should expect if Meek’s correlation were correct, as a comparison will show: At 
the base of the section (Nebraska City) are several layers of limestone, then, 
above, a thick bed of shales and sandstone, coal, and limestone: then over 100 
feet of shales which contain a second coal (though somewhat lower than might 
be expected), and on above this another limestone, which makes it agree in 
stratigraphic succession, as it does in fossils, with the Topeka section. Thus, 
considering the great care with which Meek did the work, we can but come to 
the conclusion that his correlation is probably correct. 
