PHYTOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS. 103 
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LITERATURE RELATING TO THE EFFECTS 
OF WIND ON PLANTS. 
BY J. B. 8S. NORTON, ST. LOUIS, MO. 
Read (by title) before the Academy October 29, 1897. 
The following bibliography was prepared during the winter of 1896 in a study 
of the effects of the tornado of May 27, 1896, on trees about St. Louis, Mo., and 
has since been amplified. While I have not completed the original work on this 
subject that I have in mind, I present this list of the already published works 
which have come to my knowledge, believing it will be of interest and perhaps 
some aid to persons living in a state in whose economy wind plays so important 
a part. Usually little notice is taken of the influence of wind on plants or modifi- 
cations brought about in them by its action, in comparison with what has been 
written regarding other less potent forces of nature. A study of the flora of our 
Western plains, where strong winds are almost constant and severe ones common, 
from this standpoint, would no doubt reveal many interesting points. 
The effects of wind on plants may be classed under several heads: 
A. Indirect, such as— , 
1. Carrying moisture in the form of clouds which supply plants with 
water. 
2. Aiding transpiration by change of moist for dry air. The effects of 
hot winds might be placed here. 
B. More direct effects. 
1. Injuries, such as breaking and uprooting. 
2. Adaptations for using the wind. 
a. In effecting pollination. 
b. In disseminating fruits and seeds. 
3. Adaptations protective against wind. 
a. In wood structure. 
b. In leaf structure. 
c. In habit. 
d. In location. 
The following list of references does not claim to be complete. I have en- 
deavored especially to cite those relating to mechanical injury by wind and 
adaptations brought about by wind action, omitting all works relating only to 
wind pollination and dissemination. Many accounts of tornadoes and other 
wind-storms in which tree destruction or injury is mentioned have been pub- 
lished of which only a few noteworthy ones have been given. Further search 
into botanical literature would no doubt reveal many other works which should 
have been included here, but which I have not seen. I would gladly receive in- 
formation about any others. The literature relating to wind-resisting structure 
is very comprehensive and many other references can be obtained from the ones 
here given (see Tschirch and Haberlaudt.) 
The work has been done in the library of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 
Ammann, A. Die Pflanzenkrankheiten. Stuttgart. 1867. 
Anderson, T. Report of the damages sustained by the botanical gardens in 
the cyclone of the 5th of October, 1864. [Calcutta.] May, 1865. 
Bailey, E. H. 8S. Observations on a cyclone near Williamstown, Kan. Sci- 
ence, 22: 3. 1893. 
Belhazy, J. A sz¢lvihar alta luczfenyvesekben eldidézett Karok egy uj neme. 
Erdézeti Lapok, 28: 240-243. Budapest, 1889. 
