THE DISPERSION OF SEEDS AND SPORES. 35 



transport are exemplified in the wings of samaroid 

 fruits and m the hairs and feathers developed on 

 so many seeds. Among the arrangements facilitating- 

 delivery may be included feathery stigmas, easily 

 detached pappus, a beak on the fruit, and hooks 

 projecting points, or scabrid surfaces. We purposely 

 keep out of view for the present the circumstance 

 that awns, hooks, projections, and a hispid surface 

 are characteristic of seeds adapted for dispersion 

 through animal agency, because we wish to insist 

 strongly that these have an important function to 

 perform even in the case of seeds adapted for wind- 

 dispersion. Of this we have ample evidence in 

 the beak and barbs of the dandelion-fruit, which, as 

 we have seen, help it to arrest its flight and assist 

 It m penetrating to the soil. 



