THE DISPERSION OF SEEDS AND Sl'OKKS. 105 



outer layers of the pericarp succulent, the endocarp 

 being indurated and enclosing the kernel or seed. 

 For the most part drupes are one-seeded, and the 

 larger forms at least seem designed to be cairied 

 by a bird to a distance, where it can devour the pulp 

 without swallowing the stones. Berries, on the other 

 hand, have the pericarp wholly succulent; the seeds, 

 usually numerous, are hard, and small enough to be 

 easily swallowed. Familiar examples of drupaceous 

 fruits are the plum, peach, cherry, mango, rasp, and 

 bramble. Baccate fruits include the grape (Vitis), 

 orange (Citrus), tomato (Lycopeisictim), buckthorn 

 (Rhamnus), privet (Ligustrum), Solanum, Atropa, 

 Asparagus, Convallaria, Ruscus, etc. In these ex- 

 amples the berry is formed from a superior ovary. 

 The inferior ovary develops into a baccate fruit in 

 Vaccinium, Ribes, Lonicera, Cactus, etc. A false 

 berry occurs in the mulberry (Moims), where the 

 calyx becomes succulent, while the corolla of Coriaria 

 inyrtifolia is fleshy. Hippophae and Ehvagnus have 

 the achene inclosed in a succulent perianth. The 

 fruits of the aj)ple (Pyrus) and the hawthorn 

 {Cratcegus) are somewhat similar. The edible portion 

 of the strawberry is the enlarged receptacle ; Ana- 

 cardium also has a swollen, fleshy flower-stalk. In 

 the tig the hollow peduncle inclosing the sessile 

 florets constitutes the fruit, while the bracts assume 

 a succulent character in Phyllocladus. 



Fruits and parts of fruits not intended to be eaten, 

 in all cases acquire a hard and dry character. The 

 pulp of fruits adapted to birds is for the most part 

 sweetly tasted fi-om the pi*esence of sugar. There 

 are also present in addition organic acids and 

 essential oils, which confer an agreeable and even 

 delicious flavour to the fruit, and constitute an 

 attraction to birds as powerful as the nectar of 

 flowers is to insects. By their bright coloui-s fruits 

 of this description are easily recognised at a distance, 

 and greater conspicuousness is often attained, as in 

 the inflorescence, by the massing together of the 



