12 A. G. Tansley. 
adjoining Cross Fell itself and on the undulating plateau lying to 
the east. Other moor associations represented in this area are 
Eriophoro-Callunetum, a frequent transition, on the Pennines, 
between cottongrass moor and heather moor, and pure cottongrass 
moor, here characterised by dominance of Eriophorum angustifolium, 
in place of E. vaginatum, the dominant of the typical cottongrass 
moors of the Southern Pennines. 
After ascending to the summit of Cross Fell, which is 
occupied by a small area of alpine plateau characterised by 
weathered hummocks of Rhacomitrium lanuginosum and by the 
presence of Carex rigida, but, in general, extremely bare of plants, 
alpine or otherwise, the party traversed the eastern moorland as 
far as the Lambgreen Hills, which form abrupt slopes of drift lime- 
stone rising out of the moorland. The contrast between the lime- 
stone grassland of these slopes and the adjacent moor association 
is very sharp and striking. One can literally step from one to the 
other. The peat of the moor close to the Lambgreens is extensively 
denuded and in the stretches of bare peat between the hags the 
remains of a regular birch forest are exposed, the white bases of the 
trunks and spreading roots forming a striking feature. This old 
birch forest is at an altitude of over 2,000 feet (600 metres). The 
bareness of the peat in this region is attributed by Dr. Lewis to 
denudation, but Professor Graebner was of opinion that it was due 
to a “bog-burst.” In the evening the party drove back to Penrith, 
where the night was spent. 
On August 14th the train was taken to Carlisle and thence by 
the North British route, vid Hawick, to Edinburgh. This route 
gives an excellent general idea of the Southern Uplands of Scotland 
and very careful descriptive notes had been prepared by Dr. W. G. 
Smith. The extraordinary poverty in natural or semi-natural 
woodland, sufficiently marked in much of northern England, is even 
more striking in this traverse of the Southern Uplands. Edinburgh 
was reached at 3 o’clock, and shortly afterwards the party visited 
the Royal Botanic Gardens by invitation of Professor Bayley 
Balfour, who conducted the party through most of the Gardens and 
houses. The alpine department and the cultivation of the heaths 
were much admired. In the evening Professor Balfour entertained 
the whole party to dinner at Inverleith House, where haggis and 
grouse formed part of the menu. 
The morning of August 15th was spent in visiting Edinburgh 
Castle and other places of interest in the city, and in the afternoon 
the party left for Dunkeld. Dr. Smith again supplied careful notes 
on the route. At Perth, which was reached at 3.23, the Museum 
was visited and the collections inspected, including a collection of 
Scottish arctic-alpine plants specially selected for the occasion. 
Perth was left at 7.15 and Dunkeld reached at 7.42. In the evening 
a Highland piper entertained the party, but the music of the pipes 
was not equally appreciated by all the members. 
On August 16th a half-day was spent round the lochs and in 
the woods north of Dunkeld. The woodlands included examples of 
good typical wood of Quercus sessiliflora, but much has been replanted 
at different periods. Round Cally Loch are many exotic deciduous 
