ix. 
in all flowers, and are usually surrounded by either 
one or two protecting structures. When there are two, 
the outer one is the calyx, usually green, made up 
of sepals (a), and the inner is the corolla, usually 
white or coloured, and composed of petals (4). 
When the sepals are united in one piece they are| &% yA, * 
called calyx-teeth or lobes (c), and the petals Ie ffd 
are often similarly joined in a toothed or lobed 
corolla (@). 
The neutral term flower-segments is used to- li Ayn 
include both calyx and corolla, as well as for those cases ar 
in which there is no distinction between the two, but al | 
the segments are of one kind. s 
The flower is irregular when, instead of having | EK 
the segments arranged evenly round the centre, it is| 
evidently one-sided, or has one or more segments differ- | “25 
ing markedly from the rest. A segment hanging down ) 
below the others, as in Orchids, is called a lip (e), 
and flowers like the Dead-nettle or Snap-dragon are 
said to be two-lipped (/). 
Flowers may be solitary, or variously clustered, two 
special forms being distinguished in this book, viz., the 
umbel, in which the flower-stalks spring three or 
more together from a common stalk or branch, and 
the head, in which the flowers are crowded together, 
almost without separate stalks, at the (often dilated) 
end of a common flower-stalk. In many cases, such as 
the Daztsy or Dandelion, the flower-head, surrounded 
by its green bracts, looks somewhat like a_ single 
flower with an enclosing calyx, but the lens shows the 
numerous minute flowers, which, in such cases, are 
usually called florets (). 
After the flower fades, the ovary (sometimes with 
other structures fused with it) ripens into the fruit, 
which encloses the seeds. The fruit may be soft and 
fleshy, as in pears, plums, berries, etc.; or it may be dry 
and hard, as in nuts, or many pods, or the minute fruits 
(often mistaken for seeds) which bear the familiar 
“ thistle-down”’ at their summit. 
Winged fruits are those which have part of their 
margin very thin or quite membranous, allowing them to 
be carried by the wind. 
Wings on the stem are similar thin expansions, 
either projecting from the angles of a square stem, or 
running down from the base of a leaf. 
