Vili. 
and these are called root-leaves. The leaves on 
the stem and branches are variously grouped, two well- 
marked arrangements being specially distinguished in 
the Key, namely, opposite leaves, which spring in~ 
pairs at the same level (whatever shape they may be, 
and whether with or without stalks, simple or much 
divided, etc.), and leaves in whorls (z.e., rings or | 
circlets) of three or more at one level. 
The leaves themselves, as regards their rane 
may be entire (always meaning, in this book, without 
teeth or divisions of any kind), or toothed. When ) 
the indentations are larger than mere teeth, the leaf 
is said to be lobed, the lobes being sometimes them- | 
selves toothed, or again divided. When the divisions 
are so deep as to reach to the stalk or mid-rib the 
segments are called leaflets, two or more leaflets | 
making up, between them, a single leaf. 
The leaf may have a single mid-rib, with lateral) 
nerves diverging from it, and usually dividing up) 
into still smaller nerves or veins, or there may be 
several longitudinal nerves, sometimes parallel, | 
and sometimes curving inwards. 
The base of the leaf is heart-shaped when it ) 
is indented at its point of attachment, with wide pro- ) 
jections on either side. Auricles are narrower and | 
more pronounced projections of the base. 
Stipules are small, more or less leafy or tooth-~ 
like structures, found, in a certain number of plants, at | 
the base of the leaf-stalk. J 
Hairs are said to be glandular when they have | 
little swellings, often sticky, at their tips. f 
Bracts are leaves (usually smaller or differing in 
shape from the rest) under a flower, or a flowering | 
branch. . When the flowers are in a compact head, the 
head is often surrounded by numerous bracts, more or 
less overlapping each other. 
The essential parts of the flower are those at 
its centre, namely the stamens (a), each consisting 
of a stalk or filament (0), bearing the anther (c), 
which contains the pollen; and the Ovary (qd), 
or Ovaries (¢), with one or more hairy or sticky 
stigmas (/) on the top, sometimes borne on a stalk 
or style (2). 
Either stamens, or ovary, or both, are present 
extreme base (apparently from the root) of the plane 
2 
~ 
ho 
