( cxxxviii ) 



which manifest that they partake of some of the more com- 

 plex emotions whose presence in animals framed on a different 

 model, the vertebrates, we recognise. Insects have this in 

 common with the vertebrates that their actions are certainly 

 controlled by something in the nature of mind. In all of them 

 resides some particle of that specialised substance known as 

 " nervous matter "or " neuroplasm " which has dominion over 

 all else and is endowed with such great and varied potentialities. 

 Many of them are largely provided with this matter, having an 

 elaborate nervous system, and a complex brain to control their 

 actions,* and it seems unreasonable to refuse to recognise in 

 them emotions of a complex kind, such as those we recognise 

 in other animals whose differences of habit have much that 

 correspond with theirs, — to deny any such emotions to Apaturid 

 butterflies towering above the tall oak trees, to Vanessids 

 displaying their gorgeous colouring on flowers or sailing like 

 sea-gulls on the wing, to Diptera chasing each other beneath 

 the ceiling of a room, to shining beetles gyrating on a pond, 

 or to gnats dancing in the evening light. 



Biological value of activities. 

 It would seem that the activities, whether general or of the 

 special kinds which I have mentioned, looking to the length 

 of time given to them, to their variety and the emotions 

 which prompt or accompany them, should be of biological 

 value. As bearing on this subject, let me place before you 

 what Mr. Lloyd Morgan says t — " It is probable that all the 

 situations with which pleasure and satisfaction are in a high 

 degree associated are in primary origin closely connected with 

 behaviour directed through natural or sexual selection to some 

 definite biological end, or in brief with behaviour of biological 

 value " ; and again % — " In general we may say that emotional 

 states are, under natural conditions, closely associated with 

 behaviour of biological value, — with tendencies which are 

 beneficial in self-preservation or in race preservation — with 

 actions that promote survival." 



* "Effective consciousness is associated with a nervous system. Its 

 fundamental characteristic is control over the actions. " Lloyd Morgan on 

 "Animal Behaviour," p. 43. See also pp. 48 and 52. 



t "Animal Behaviour," p. "273. t lb. p. 293. 



