106 



THE IIELMINTIIE.-. 



^100. 



bands are separated by tke same number of longitudinal lines, the two nar- 

 rowest of which are above and below ; v/hile the otherri, which are large 

 and ribaud-like, are on the sides/'' 



In the Acanthocephali the transverse muscles are more superficial than the 

 longitudinal/^' while in the Nematodes and Gordiacei the inverse is true Z'^' 



§103. 



There are with the Helminthes a great variety of organs for tne move- 

 ments of the body. With the Cystici, Cestodes, and the Trematodes, there 

 are often sucking-cups and cavities ; the first of these are more or less 

 alveolate, being formed of numerous layers of circular and radiated muscu- 

 lar fibres,*^' while the second are only excavations in contractile paren- 

 chyma of the body, and are divided into many chambers by septa, or have 

 very variable lobular appendages.'^' Many of these suctorial organs have, 

 — some at their bottom, others on their borders, hook^ with a horny su[)- 

 port, by which these animals can firmly attach themselves to objects.'"' 



leading into the alimentary canals. It is only with 

 Disto?num, Jmphistomtim, Polyxtomum, and 

 other Trematodes, that this sucker, which is sit- 

 uated in front, is perforated at its bottom, and 

 serves also the function of mouth. 



The ventral sucker of Distomum, and that 

 found at the posterior extremity of Amphistcmium, 

 and Polystomum, as well as the numerous analo- 

 gous or^'aus upon the Iiaclc of Moiiostomuni ver- 

 rucosujn, and upon the terminal dilatation of 

 AspidocotyLus mutabilis {Diesins,A.un. d. Wiener 

 Mus. II. A1)th. 2, p. 2oJ:, Taf. XV.), are all im- 

 perforate. That U110U the jjosterior extremity of 

 Amphistomuni s uOc /aval um , 'muI iiiiguicu latum, 

 is remarkable ; it has a small duplicate at its bot- 

 tom, which Diesins^ (loo. cit. I. Abth. 2, p. 25i, 

 'I^af. XX IV.) has erroueou-jiy regarded as the 

 opening of the genital organs. In Polyslornum, 

 si."C large muscles ])ass fr<jm the interior of the body, 

 and are spread upon the convex surfaces of as 

 many suck^i'S, situated at the posterior extremity, 

 and which they properly move during the animal's 

 creeping. 



!i Upon the head of Botlirioccphalus, Tetra- 

 rkynchus, and Anthoccplialus, there are two to 

 four simple cup-like fossae ; with Tristomum, 

 Polystomum, and some other Trematodes, there 

 are two on each side of the mouth, and with Axine, 

 Octobothrium, and Diplozoon, there are two 

 which are subcervical and behind the mouth. 



With Bot/iriocephaliis tumidulus (Uremser 

 Icon. Helminth. Tab. XIII. fig. 21, or Leuckart, 

 Zool. Bruchstiicke. lift. I. Taf. I. fig. 4, 5), there 

 are four, which are divided into chambers by many 

 septa ; and with Aspidof^aKter (Baer, Nov. Act. 

 Acad. Leop. Carol. Vol. XIII. pt. 2, Tab. XVIil.), 

 the whole ventral disc is divided by septa into quad- 

 rangular suctorial fossae. The head of Bothrio- 

 cephalus auriculatus l-.as a singular aspect, i\\xi: 1 1 

 numerous partly crenulated lobes, which fhyiU its 

 four suckers (Bremxer, loc. cit. Taf. XCII. lig. 17, 

 19, and Leuckart, loc. cit. Taf. I. fig. 6-11). A 

 very simple structiu-e is fnind upon the head of 

 Bothriocepkalus tetrapte.riix, mihi (from the 

 intestine of the sea!) ; here the points of junction 

 of the fossae are prolonged' into four triangular 

 lobes, by which the annual can adhere tightly to 

 its oliject. Holostoviuni, which lives in the intes- 

 tines of birds and mammais, has analogous appen- 

 dages around the cavity which is situated at the 

 anterior extremity, and which it fastens to the 

 intestinal viilosities ; see Nif.~sch, in Ersch and 

 (iruber\t Encyclop. ffl. p. ;'.'J9, IX. 18i3, fig. 1. 



3 This condition of t.'ii.igs is found especially in 



5 Bojanus, Isis, 1821, p. 186, Taf. 111. fig. -13, 

 55, B. {Ascaris lambricotdes). 



•i In Acanthocepkalus the transverse muscles 

 intercommunicate with each other by short and nar- 

 row anastomoses, and form a complete ring, which 

 .s\irrounds the longitudinal ones like a large girdle. 

 See, in reference to this, Eckbiorhynchus gigas. 

 In Echinorhynchus gibbosus these annular mus- 

 cles have been found only above the swellmg of the 

 body. 



7 The transverse muscular bundles of the Nema- 

 todes, which are not so closely united as the longi- 

 tudinal ones, do not form closed rings, but produce 

 four segments, which are separated from each other 

 by the crossing over of the longitudinal muscles. 

 At least, this is so m Ascaris lumbricoidex, Stron- 

 gylus gigas, and most of the species of this order. 

 Bojanus (Isis,lS21, p. 1S7, Taf. III. fig. 51, 54) 

 and Cloquet (Anat. des Vers intestin. ii. 35, PI. II. 

 lig. 3) have taken these transverse muscles for 

 vessels ; and Diesing has made the same mistake 

 with the ramified muscles of Chciracanthus and 

 Ancyracanthns (Ann. d. Wiener Museums II. 

 Abth. 2, Taf. XVI. fig. 1, and Jaf. XVlII. fig. 2). 



lu Ascaris iiiflexa, and Filaria attcnuata, I 

 have seen the transverse muscles ramified in the 

 same manner. In Ascaris spiculigera they have 

 a peculiarity ; their more or less long fibres i^ass 

 off from the longitudinal muscles at a right angle, 

 and are inserted into one or the other of t!ie two 

 narrow longitudinal rays. In the Gordiacei, the 

 longitudinal layer is not broken by any ray of this 

 kind, but forms continuous tubes which have thin 

 walls and a satin aspect, and where the flattened 

 and riband-like fibres are bound together by their 

 faces, and at the same time anastomose with each 

 other. . 



This would at least appear to be so, judging from 

 the not-work with long meshes which is produced 

 by a little tra,ction. I have not found the trans- 

 verse muscles m Gordivs ; but in Mcrmis nigres- 

 cens, there is, under the longitudinal muscular 

 layer, a net-work like the preceding, but witli very 

 large meshes. Dujardin appears to have observed 

 it, but he regarded It as connected with the eggs 

 of this worm (Ann. d. Sc. Nat. XVIII. 1842, I>1. 

 VI. fig. 13). 



1 The young Echinococcus, the Coenurus, 

 Cysticercus, and Taenia, have usually upon the 

 cephalic extremity fair imperforate cup-like cavi- 

 ties, which can serve only as suckers. It must 

 have been an oversight of Nitzsch {Ersch and 

 Gruher^s Encyclopredie XII. 1S24, p. 95), who 

 regarded these in Taenia as so many oral orifices 



