194 THE ACEPHALA. § 178. 



As the points of the insertion of these muscles do not always correspond 

 with the two valves/-' their direction is often oblique, or, they sometimes 

 even cross each other/^' Orhicula and Lingula, which want both the liga- 

 ment and hinge, have this disposition of the adductors which terminate 

 usually by a delicate tendon, and the contraction of either of these muscles 

 alone, produces the lateral movements of their valves. 



The spirally -pointed tentacles of the Brachiopoda are moved by a par- 

 ticular apparatus. The fringes of these organs are inserted upon a carti- 

 laginous tubular prolongation which tapers to a point. This is closed at 

 both extremities and contains a liquid, which, by the contractions of the 

 circular muscular fibres, is propelled from the base to the extremity, thereby 

 unrolling the spiral turns. *^' These tentacles here certainly take the place 

 of the elastic ligament of the bivalves, for their extension probably tends 

 to slightly open the valves. 



With the Lamellibranchia, the tentacles which are not rolled, are ar- 

 ranged quite differently. Like their branchiae, they are scarcely at all 

 irritable, — this being due to the fewness of their muscular fibres. But in 

 the mantle these fibres are very abundant, and especially near their free 

 borders. This is true also of the Siphon, in which both longitudinal and 

 circular fibres can be easily seen ; here, two very distinct flattened muscles 

 arise from the base of the siphon and are inserted upon the two valves, ex- 

 ternal to the posterior adductor muscle : these serve as a Retractor siphonis. 



§ 178. 



Very many of the Lamellibranchia have a highly-developed organ of 

 locomotion, — the /oo?.'^' This is a muscular prolongation from the ventral 

 surface, which passes obliquely forward to be inserted upon the internal sur- 

 face of the back of the shell, by four, rarely more, tendinous cords.'-' 



These cords surround the abdominal viscera, and becoming gradually 

 thicker. and more muscular, finally blend with numerous, interlaced muscu- 

 lar fasciculi which compose the foot. This last varies considerably as to its 

 size and form, and can be protruded a long way out through the open shells, 

 but may also be wholly withdrawn.''^' 



2 Lingula forms an exception. Here the prin- visceral sac to the valves. With Lingula, there 

 cipal adductor is a short, solid muscle, which are, beside the principal adductor, four pairs of in- 

 stretches straight across from cue shell to the terlaced muscles, which pass obliquely through the 

 other, at their posterior extremity. centre of the cavity of tlie valves, and are attached 



3 This muscular apparatus has been particularly by their two ends to the visceral sac. 



described and figured by Owen, and Fogt (loc. 4 Owen, loc. cit. ; and Vogt, Anat. d. Lingula, 



cit.) with Terebratula, Orbicula, and Lingula. p. 8, Tab. II. fig. 16-18. 



With the Terebratula, two pairs of muscles 1 The foot is absent, particularly with those mol- 



arise from each valve. The two anterior ones lusks which are fixed to rocks and other solid 



;irising from the imperforate valve, are the longer, bodies, by a calcareous cement, 



and have then- origin back of its centre. After the 2 Usually one pair of these delicate cords passes 



crossing of their delicate tendons, they pass above, and another below, and are inserted upon 



through the opening of the valve and terminate in the valves, quite near the four points of insertion 



the peduncle, together with the two posterior ones of the two adductor muscles. This is so with Ano- 



which are short and fleshy, and which arise at the donta, Unio, Cardium, &c. With Isocardia, I 



base of the bulge. Of those of the perforated have found a thh'd pan- of cords inserted upon the 



valve, the two posterior ones only pass to the posterior extremity of the summits of the shell, 



peduncle — the two anterior being attached to the These serve not only as Retractores of the foot, 



base of the other valve. With Orbicula, there but whe:i this last is fixed to some point, draw the 



are two posterior, and two anterior fleshy muscles, animal towards it. 



all of which pass obUquely from one valve to 3 The laterally-compressed foot of Jnorfonia, and 



the other, while the anterior ones sometimes send Unio, arises, by a large base, from the abdomen, 



oQ' fibres to the short peduncle. In the space cir- and has carinated borders. Thsiini Pectunculus 



cumscribed by Uiese four muscles, lie four others, and Venus, is quite similar, but its free border is 



which are small and interlaced, and extend from the hollowed by a furrow, and is therefore bi-carinated. 



