286 THE CEPHALOPODA. <S 250. 



thelium. It begins behind the pharynx by a straight, long, very narrow 

 oesophagus, whose internal surface is longitudinally plicated. After leaving 

 the annular opening of the cephalic cartilage, it enters the peritoneal cavity, 

 which is highly developed and divided by constrictions into several cham- 

 bers. With the Loligina, the oesophagus is of uniform calibre throughout 

 to the stomach ; ^^' but with the Octopoda, it is abruptly dilated, upon leav- 

 ing the cephalic cartilage, into a kind of crop, which extends to the stom- 

 ach.^"' With Nautilus, also, it is dilated, but gradually, into a very large 

 crop, which communicates with the stomach by a narrow, short canal. '''^ 



The Stomach invariably consists of a sac lined with a very solid epi- 

 thelium, which is plicated longitudinally; the Cardia and Pylorus are 

 situated close to each other at its upper portion. <^> As soon as the intes- 

 tine has left the pylorus, it forms a Caecum which has glandular, plicated 

 walls, and, with many genera, is more or less elongated and spirally 

 convoluted. ^^' The rest of the intestine is short, rarely flexuous, and ex- 

 tends from the peritoneal sac to the base of the funnel,'"^ where it termi- 

 nates in a small anal prolongation, the borders of which are often fringed ; 

 sometimes it has two lateral tongue-shaped valves, placed opposite each 

 other, and by which the anal opening can be closed. "^^ 



§ 250. 



The Salivary organs of the Cephalopoda are highly developed, and 

 consist of a superior and an inferior pair, the former of which is some- 

 times, but the latter very rarely, wanting. The superior pair consists of 

 two glandular lobes situated at the posterior extremity of the pharynx, 

 which open by short excretory ducts behind the root of the tongue. *'> 

 The inferior pair lies on each side of the oesophagus at the upper portion 

 of the peritoneal sac, directly behind the cephalic cartilage. These 

 organs, usually of a dull-white color, are composed of numerous inter- 



1 Sepia, Loli^o, Onychnteuthis, Luligopsis, III. {Arsonauta) ; Delle Chinje, Descriz. Tav. 



Sepiola, &c. XIII. XV. XVIII. (Tremoctopus. Sepia, and 



3 Cuvier, Mem. PI. IV. fig. 1, 2, b.j Wagner, Loligo) ; Ciivier, Mtm. PI. IV. fig. 1, 2, f.: H'a^- 



Icon. zoot. Tab. XXIX. fig. 14 (Octopus) ; Van ner, loc. cit. fig. 14, f. (Octopus) ; Home, Lect. on 



lieneden, loc. cit. PI. III. fig. 3, d. (Argonauta) ; Comp. Anat. PI. LXXXIII. (Lnligo sagittata) ; 



F^rtissac, loc. cit. Octopus, PI. XIII. fig. 9, 10, and Ji'frus.sac,loc. cit. But, in this re.spect, Ao/ig'O 



Argonauta, PI. I", fig. 1, 2 ; and Delle Chiaje, vulgaris forms an exception; its caecum is 



Descriz. Tav. XV. fig. 3 (Tremoctopus). straight, oblong, and its tliin walls are without in- 



3 Owen, On the Nautilus, PI. IV. or Isis, Taf. ternal plicae : see Meckel, Syst. d. vergleich. 

 III., or Ann. d. Sc. Nat. PI. II. fig. 1. Anat. IV. p. 199, and Delle Chiaje, Descriz. &c. 



4 See the figures in Cuvier, Brandt, Firussac, Tav. XVI. fig. 5, s. 



Owen, &c. The stomach of Octopus and Eledone, K The intestine is straight with Argonauta. 



from its muscular walls, and its almost horny Loligo, Sepia, Sepiola, and other Loligina ; but 



epithelium, resembles very much the gizzard of it ia flexuous with Octopus, Eledone, and Nau- 



birds. tilus. 



•3 This caecum, regarded as a second stomach by 7 Owen (Transact, of the Zool. Soc. II. PI. XXI. 



many zootomists, corresponds, probably, to the py- fig. 16) has found two lateral valves projecting into 



loric appendages of fishes. With Nautilus, it is the anal cavity with Sepioteuthis. I have seen 



a round sac, the internal surface of which has two similar witli a Tremoctopus. Rathke (Mem. 



longitudinal folds, so that its cavity has a lamel- de St. Petersburg, loc. cit. p. 160 PI. II.) has 



lated appearance (Owen, On the Nautilus, p. 25, found them replaced, witli Loligopsis, by two 



PI. IV. y. and PI. VIII. fig. 8, f., or Isis, Taf. II. tentaculiform prolongations. 



III., or Ann. d. Sc. Nat. PI. II. fig. 1, y. PI. IV. 1 Cuvier, Mem. p. 27, PI. III. fig. 3, e. (Octo- 



lig. 8, f.). With Loligopsis, and Sepiola, this pus) ; Ferussac, loc. cit. Octopus, PI. XII. fig. 6, 



round sac is lined internally with spu-al folds n. PI. XIII. fig. 9, n.; Owen, Cyclop. I. p. 532, 



(Grant, Transact, loc. cit. p. 25, PI. II. fig. 7, g. fig. 218, i. (Onychoteuthis). With Nautilus, 



and p. 81, PI. XI. fig. 7, 8, c). With Sepia, and Owen found no lower, and only the traces of the 



various Octopoda, it is oblong, and lined internally upper glands (On the Nautilus, \>. 20, PI. VIII. lig. 



with transverse spiral folds supported by a kind 7, g., or Isis, p. 20, Tat. II., or Aim. d. Sc. Nat. p. 



of mesentery ; — see yan Beneden, loc. cit. PI. 114, PI. IV. fig. 7, g.). 



