320 THE CRUSTACEA. *§. 272. 



distinct riglit and left half, upon each of which is a kind of Ganglion 

 opticum, of a size proportionate to that of the development of the eyes. 

 With the Chilopoda, the abdominal ganglia are widely sepai'ated from 

 each other, but connected by double commissures which are closely ap- 

 proximated, and in some cases, fused together as a ventral cord.'-'' With 

 Lithobius, and Scutigera, there are sixteen pairs of these ganglia ; with 

 Scolopendra, twenty-two, and with Genphilus, fifty to one hundred and 

 forty. Of these ganglia, the first pair, belonging to the two anterior feet, 

 which are changed into prehensile or tactile organs, are much the largest. 

 The size of the others corresponds, for the most part, to the development 

 of the feet.'") 



Of the Ghilognatha, the genus Polydesmus, the long feet of which are 

 widely separated, is allied to the preceding section of Myriapoda. Above 

 each two pairs of feet, the abdominal cord is enlarged into two successive 

 ganglia, and the medullary mass between them corresponds to a simple 

 longitudinal commissure.'-^* With the other Ghilognatha, of which the 

 pairs of feet are close together, the longitudinal commissures are wholly 

 wanting, so that the ganglia, of a number corresponding to that of the 

 pairs of feet, form a moniliform cord ; and in some Julidae, the constric- 

 tions of this last are entirely eifaced.*-^* 



The disposition of the nervous system of Limulus is remarkable. Its 

 principal mass surrounds the mouth like a ring. From the anterior por- 

 tion of this, corresponding to a brain, pass off nerves in front, among which 

 the two optic nerves are conspicuous for their length ; while its posterior 

 arc, which surrounds the oesophagus, has three transverse commissures suc- 

 ceeding each other. From the lateral portions of this ring, pass off six 

 pairs of large nerves for as many pairs of prehensile feet. From its pos- 

 terior border arises a large trunk composed of two bands which extend 

 backwards along the median line of the abdomen, furnishing nerves to the 

 fin-like and gili-like appendages, and then separating, terminate in the tail 

 in a ganglion from which are given off many filaments to the neighboring 

 parts, and a very long one which enters the caudal spine. ''■^* 



Of the nervous system of the Phyllopoda, that of the genus Apus is the 

 best known.'-"' The brain consists of a fiattened, quadrilateral body, from 

 the superior angles of which arise the optic nerves, while from the posterior 

 angles pass off the two long, oesophageal commissures. These last, before 

 reaching the thoracic ganglia, are connected by a transverse commissure. 

 Upon the thoracic succeed numerous abdominal ganglia, those of each pair 

 of which, as in the first, are wide apart, but they gradually approximate 

 posteriorly, and at last are fused into a single mass. 



The two thoracic ganglia, as well also as the anterior abdominal pairs, 



21 Geophilus. Verra. Schrift. II. p. 16, Taf. IX., and Newport, 



'ii Treviraiius, Verm. Schrift. II. p. 31, Taf. Phil. Trans. 1843, p. 217, PI. XI. Dg. 1. The 



VII. fig. 2, 5 {Lithohius and Genphilus) ; Ku- numb?r of ganglia increases in general with the 



torga, loc. oil. p. 15, Tab. It. fig. 2, Tab. III. fig. increase of the body together with that of the num- 



1, 2 (Scolopendra morsitans) ; but especially ber of the segments and feet. 



Newport, Philos. Trans. 1834, p. 408, PI. XVII. ^5 Fan der Hoeven, Ilecherch. &c. p. 21, PI. 



fig. 43-4S (Scolopendra), and 1843, p. 257, PI. XI. III. fig. 2, 3. 



fig. 11-13 (Geophilus). ^u This system has been described by Gaede 



23 Newport, lac. cit. 1843, p. 252, PI. XI. fig. (lyiedemann's ZdoI. Magaz. I. Stuck 1, p. 91, Taf. 

 6, 10, or Owen, Leot. &c. p. 200, fig. 99. I. fig. 1), and by Berthold (Isis, 1S30, p. 630, Taf. 



24 Th3re are only six pairs of ganglia with VII. fig. 4). But far the mast careful researches 

 Glomeris ; sse Brandt, in Muller''s Arch. 1837, on this subject we are indebted to ZaJiacA (loc. cit. 

 p. 32 i, Taf. XII. fig. 6. But these ganglia are p. 35, Tab. III.). 



very numerous with Julus } See Treviranus, 



