446 



THE INSECTA. 



§348. 



The Phosphorescent Organs of the Lampyridae and certain Elatevidae,^^' 

 consist of a mass of spherical cells, filled with a finely-granular substance, 

 and surrounded by many numerous trachean branches. '^'^' This substance 

 which, by day-light, appears of a yellow, sulphur-like aspect, fills, with the 

 Lampyridae, a portion of the abdominal cavity, and shines on the ventral 

 surface through the last abdominal segments, which are covered with a 

 very thin skin ; while, with the Elateridae, the illumination occurs through 

 two transparent spots situated on the dorsal surface of the prothorax. The 

 light produced by these organs so remai'kably rich in tracheae, is undoubt- 

 edly the result of a combustion kept up by the oxygen of the air of these 

 vessels. This combustion explains the remission of this phosphorescence 

 observed with the brilliant fireflies, and which coincides, not with the move- 

 ments of the heart, but with those of inspiration and expiration.^*' 



CHAPTER IX 



ORGANS OF GENERATION. 



§ 348. 



The Insecta always multiply by means of genital organs situated in 

 diflferent individuals,^^' and, invariably, are provided with copulatory organs.l 

 With certain species, namely, with the Apidae, and Termitidae, the females 



18 For the phosphorescene of these Coleoptera, 

 Bee Cams, Analekt. &c. p. 168 ; Burmeister, 

 Handb. I. p. 534, and Lacordaire, Introduct. &c. 

 II. p. 140. 



19 The intimate structure of these organs has 

 been studied with Lampyris italica by Peters 

 (Muller^s Arch. 1841, p. 229), and by Morren 

 (Isis, 1843, p. 412). This last author says that this 

 insect contains phospliorus, but adduces no fact in 

 support of tliis assertion. 



'M Matte.uci has made numerous experiments on 

 the phosphorescence of Lampyris italica ; from 

 whicli it appears tliat the phosphorescent substance 

 burns by means of the oxygen contained in the 

 traclieae, without any increase of the temperature, 

 and without any indication of the presence of 

 pliosphorus ; see Matteuci, Lemons sur les phe- 

 nom. phys. d. corps vivants, Paris, 1847, p. 151, 

 and Compt. Rend. XVII. 1843, p. 309, also in Fro- 



riep''s neue Not. No. 583, p. 168, and in Schleiden 

 and Froriep's Not. No. 9, p. 135.* 



1 Harti^ has declared that certain species of 

 Cynips are hermaphrodites ; h\xi Ratzebur^ SlVlA I 

 have shown that this assertion is based on an erro- 

 neous interpretation of the organization of the 

 females of Cynips ; see Gennar^s Zeitsch. f. 

 Entom. III. p. 322, Taf. I.; and IV. p. 380, 396. 



The true hermaphrodites which have as yet been 

 found in the other orders of insects, notably among 

 the Lepidoptera, ought to be regarded as monsters. 

 King (Verhandl. d. Gessellsch. naturf. Freunde in 

 Berlin, I. p. 363, and Jahrb. d. Inseckt. I. p. 254), 

 Ochsenheimer (Die Schmetterl. von EuropalV. p. 

 185) and hffibvre (Ann. d. 1. Soc. Entom. IV. 

 1835, p. 145) have given a list of the cases of 

 hermaphroditism with insects. See also Burmeis- 

 ter, Handb. I. p. 338. t 



various Insecta, among which were Dorthesia, 

 Alaerodes, &c. The wax consists of fibres which 

 are perpendicular to the secreting surface, and is 

 a true product of the integument independent of 

 any special glandular apparatus. — Ed. 



* [ § 347, note 20.] See, also, a note by me upon 

 the intimate structure of the phosphorescent organs 

 in Pyrophorus phosphorus. Proceed. Boston Soc. 

 Nat. Hist. 1850, p. 290. — Ed. 



t [ § 348, note 1.] See, also, for cases of true 

 hermaphroditism in the Insecta, fVin^ (Trans, of 

 the Kot. S^>o. London, V. p. 119) and Wesmakl 

 (Bull, de I'Acad. d. Brux. 1849, II. p. 378). — Eb. 



+ [ § 348.] The copulatory organs of the Insecta 

 present wide and manifold variations, as has been 

 shown especially by the recent researches of La- 

 caze Duthiers, Recherches sur I'Armure genitale 

 des Insectes, in the Ann. d. Sc. Nat. 1849, XII. p. 

 353, 1850, XIV. p. 17 ; also his Recherches sur 

 I'Armure genitale femelledes Insectes Orthopt^res, 

 id Ibid. XVII. 1852, p. 207, and Recherches sur 

 I'armure genitale femelle des Insectes Ilimipt<>res, 

 Ibid. XVIII. 1852, p. 337, finally the same of the 

 Insectes Nevropteres, Colcopteres, Dipteres, in 

 Ibid. XIX. 1853, p. 25, et seq. — Ed. 



