Life Histories in the Hepialid Group of Lepidoptera. 429 



somewhat in shape at tip, some being round (Fig. C 2) ; 

 fringe scales are remarkably similar to the short fringe 

 scales of Charagia (Fig. C 3), but I have not observed in 

 Charagia the sloping tip. 



Phassus purpurescens has " pear-shaped " surface scales, 

 also longer surface scales similar to Charagia (Fig, A 7), 

 fringe scales of Porina pattern (Fig. A 7). The prominent 

 fore-legs of P. 'purp)urcscens are covered with hair, not 

 scales. Wing scales in Trictena and Phassus are striate 

 longitudinally, not dentate. 



(PI. VI, figs. C ], etc.) Hepialus {Sthenojns) argcntco- 

 maculatus of America has surface scales identical with 

 Porina (Fig. A 4) and with Charagia (Fig. B 1), the fringe 

 scales are less wide at the tip than in Porina (Fig. A 7). 

 If. humuli has " pear-shaped " surface scales (Fig. C 1) 

 also noticed in Phassus, some have a small blunt point at 

 the tip but no dentation; the fringe scales are attenuated, 

 apparently dentate ; all my specimens being captured I am 

 doubtful as to the dentation of the fringe scales, though 

 I believe it to be true dentation ; some short attenuated 

 surface scales have similar doubtful dentation. Hepialus 

 htpulinus has all the wing scales dentate and almost 

 identical with Gorgopis surface scales and Gorgopis fringe 

 scales. H. hectus, H. vcllada, and Hepialus (s. g. Cihyra) 

 sylvinus have surface and fringe scales similar in shape 

 and dentation to H. Ivpulinus. 



Wing scales of Hqnalus are striate longitudinally, some 

 generalised scales without dentation, and specialised scales 

 with dentation. 



Hcctomancs simulans has surface scales which vary in 

 size, but are all the same shape on fore and hind- wings, 

 slightly dentate at the tips (Fig. T> 1), the fringe scales 

 are more noticeably dentate and prolonged to a point at 

 each side of tip ; like the fringe scales of Porina these have 

 long stem and wide tip. In H. polyspila the surface scales 

 are of two patterns, one having a wide base with long 

 neck and slight dentation ; this varies in length and 

 width ; the other a more uniform, " cigar-shaped," scale, 

 dentate at tip. Fringe scales attenuated but similar to 

 those of H. simulans. H. fusca has " cigar-shaped " surface 

 scales, and fringe scales not quite so wide at tip as those of 

 H. simulans. Hectomancs wing scales are finely striate 

 and slightly dentate. 



(PI. VI, figs. E 1 — 3.) Gorgopis hacotii has strongly 



