430 Mr. Ambrose Quail on 



dentate surface scales (Figs. E 1, 2) and fringe scales wide 

 at tip strongly dentate, long stem (Fig. E 3). G. libania 

 has very densely scaled wings and remarkably long thick 

 fringes, the surface scales are numerous, some very small 

 some large and wide (Figs. E 4 — 8), all are dentate ; fringe 

 scales are very long, the wide tip being split into long 

 teeth, some of which are as long as the smaller surface 

 scales ; side by side in the same fringe are scales of the 

 same shape but variable in dentation, having foui', five, or 

 six teeth ; the number of teeth in scale dentation is not a 

 reliable character, I have noticed this in other Lepidoptera, 

 notably Lysiphragma. 



Frenate Lepidoptera usually if not invariably have 

 most of the wing scales dentate, and the thorax, append- 

 ages and abdomen covered with scales — not hair — similar 

 to if not identical with the surface scales of the wings ; 

 this is so in Sphinx, Acronycta, Catocala, Hcrhula, Adela, 

 Gracillaria, Incurvaria, Eppijrpiijliora, and many other 

 genera; among otliers Chiopliria ruhricollis liave rounded ab- 

 dominal scales, in this respect differing from the wing scales. 



These observations attempt to show the evolution of 

 scales from hairs, the specialisation of the scales in 

 Hep)ialidm, and probable complete displacement of hairs 

 in the Lepidoptera Frenatoe. 



Notes on Antcniix of Imagines. (PI. V, figs. 4, 5, G, 

 7, 8, 8a, 9, 9a.) 



The segments of the antennae appear to have definite 

 functions ; the basal segment termed the scape — Hepicdus 

 humuli — is the largest and probably the muscular base 

 of antenna ; the second segment termed the pedicel 

 is smaller, probably the nervous base of antenna ; the 

 remainder termed clavola, are very much alike, except the 

 two post pedicel segments which are very small, and the 

 terminal segment which is elongate and rounded at the tip. 

 Variation of the scape and pedicel is dependent upon the 

 changes of the clavola (Bodine) ; and specialisation in the 

 HcpialidiG is by appendage (pectination) parallel at least 

 to any observed among Lepidoptera Frenatse. 



Probably the least specialised form is that of Hcpialus 

 and Charagia, in which the segments of the clavola are 

 without extended appendages, and are uniformly covered 

 with fine hair, with a few subventral and ventral " sense " 

 hairs — prominent bristles always extended in an anterior 



