](; TIIK ANATOMY OF INVERTEBRATED ANIMALH, 



lions, as wo employ tin; nariK.'S of " cl(;(;iricity " and " oloctrical 

 loHMi" to (l(;not(; ollicrs ; but it ceases to be i)roper to (Jo so, if 

 such a narn(; inij)li('S tin; a})sur(l assuin])lion tliat either " (ih.'C- 

 tricity " or "vitality" is an entity phiying th(; part of an elli- 

 (;ient (;ause of ehM-trieal or vital phenomena. A mass of living 

 j)rotoi)lasrn is simply a mol(Muilar maehinc; of great (;ompk)xity, 

 tlie total njsults (jf the working of whi(;h, or its vital ph(Mioni- 

 ena, (le[)en(i, on the one hand, upon its construction, and, on 

 the oth(;r, u])on the energy sui)pli<id to it; and to sp(!ak of 

 *' vitality " as anything but the name of a series of operatious 

 is as if one should talk of the " hon^logity " of a clock. 



Living matter, or protoplasm and tin; products of its meta- 

 morphosis, may bo regardcul und(;r four aspects : 



(1.) It has a C(!rtain (external and internal form, the laitor 

 being mor^i usually called structur(! ; 



("Z.) It occupies a certain position iFi sj)a(;(^ and in lime ; 



(IJ.) It is the subjo(;t of the ojx'ration of certain forc(!S, in 

 virtue; of which it undergoes int(5rnal changes, moditios exter- 

 nal objects, and is modiliod by them ; and — 



(4.) Its form, place, and powers, arc the ofTocts of certain 

 causes. 



In (correspondence with tlu^so four aspe(;ts of its su})j(!et, 

 Jiiology is divisibh; into four r]noS subdivisions — I. Moitrnoh- 

 OiiY ; II. Disritiiu TioN ; 111. riivsi(>i-o<iv ; IV. yIvrioLo<iv. 



T. Moiii'rioLo<;v. 



So far as living beings hav'(c a form and structure, thc^y 

 fall within lh(i province; of Atuitoiiiy.unX Jfis/olof/y^ iIk; latt(;r 

 being mei(^ly a nanu; for that ultimale; oj)ti(tal analysis of 

 living structun; which can be carried out only by the aid of 

 \\\v. microscope. 



And, in so far as ilio form and structure of any living 

 being are not (;onstant during the wIkjIc of its existence, but 

 iind(;rgo a sen*(;s of ehatiges from the commencemont of that 

 <^\islenco to its end, living beings have a Development. The 

 history of dev(;l()|)ment is an accuont of the anatomy of a liv^- 

 ing b(;ing at tin; suc(!essivo periods of its existence, and of the 

 maiuuM- in which oik; anatomical stage passes into llu; next. 



Finally, th(c sysi(Mnatic statement and g(Uieralization of 

 the faxrts of Morphology, in such a maruier as to arrange liv- 

 ing })(;ings in groups, according to tlnur dcigrees of likeness, 

 is Taxouonty. 



