THE COCKROACH. 347 



epicranium, and is firmly united with it only on its dorsal side. 

 This band forms the boundary of the so-called occipital fora- 

 men^ by which the cavity of the head communicates with that 

 of the neck, the chitinous wall of the latter region being con- 

 tinuous with it. Articulated at right angles with the cardo 

 is the stipes, or second joint of the maxilla. This is freely 

 movable in the lateral direction, and its outer distal angfe 

 bears the continuation of the limb, or jxdjncs, formed by two 

 short and three long joints. Two processes terminate the 

 stipes ; of these, the anterior and outer — the galea — is soft, 

 rounded, and possibly sensory in function, while the posterior 

 and inner — the lacinia — is a curved cutting blade with a 

 toothed and spinose inner edge. 



The labium (Fig. 97, III.) consists of two incompletelj^- 

 separated median plates, the suhmentiim behind, and the men- 

 turn in front ; upon the latter follows a bilobed terminal piece, 

 the llgula, each lobe of which is again divided longitudinally 

 into two portions, which have considerable similarity to the 

 galea and lacinia of the maxilla. The outer is usually termed 

 the paraglossa. 



Between the mentum and the ligula, on each outer ^dig^ 

 of the labium, a small piece, the palpigei\ is articulated ; it 

 bears the three-jointed labial palpms , which is to be regarded 

 as the proper free termination of the second maxilla. The 

 resemblance between the labium and a pair of maxillae which 

 have coalesced, is obvious. 



The submentum is not directly articulated with the cranial 

 skeleton, but its posterior edge is close to one of the cervical 

 sclerites^ or skeletal elements observable in the chitinous in- 

 tegument of the neck, of which there are altogether seven. 

 One is dorsal, median, and marked by a deep longitudinal 

 depression. It articulates with the dorsal margin of the oc- 

 cipital foramen. Four are lateral, two on each side (Fig. 97, 

 I., Ic) ; these take an oblique course from the dorsal part of 

 the boundary of the occipital foramen, with a tubercle of 

 which the anterior piece is articulated, to the anterior edge 

 of the episternum of the prothorax. The inferior cervical 

 sclerites (Fig. 97, I., ic) are two narrow transverse plates, one 

 behind the other in the middle line. They appear to repre- 

 sent the part called gula, which, in many insects, is a large 



^ I use this terra in the sense in which it has been employed by itilne- 

 Edwards, to denote any definite hardened part of the chitinous skeleton. It 

 is to the latter what a' distinct ossification is to the skeleton of a vertebrated 

 animal. 



