SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., EXPLAINED. 



I. — Mammals. 

 ^.=: Incisor teeth. 



c.=Oaiiines. 



j9m.=: Premolars. 



w.= Molars. 



Tims " i. f !f " indicates two incisor teeth on each side in the 

 upper jaw, and one on each side in the lower. 



" Toes 5-4" implies fore feet five-toed, hind feet four-toed. 



Other signs are as used in Birds. 



11. — BiKDS. 



i/.=: Length in inches (along back from tip of bill to end of 

 longest tail feather); thus, ''L. 7i" means, length H inches. 



^\=Extent (spread of wing) measured in inches. 



TF.=Length of wing (from bend of closed wing — carpal joint — 

 to tip of longest feather) in inches. 



jr.=Length of tail in inches (i.e., actual length of the longest tail 

 feather.) 



i?.= Length of bill in inches (measured along culmen from tip to 

 frontal feathers.) 



ZTfZ.^Length of head in inches (measured with dividers from 

 base of bill to nape.) 



T.s.^Length of tarsus in inches (measured in front.) 



J'r^.=Length of middle toe with its claw. 



The measurements given in the descriptions are understood to 

 represent a fair average adult male; a variation of one-sixth, or 

 more, in abftolufe length is nothing unusual ; relative lengths, as of 

 wings and tail, are much more constant. To save space I have 

 preferred to say "L. 6," to saymg "L. 5i to 6i." 



5=Male. 



$= Female. 



5 



