9294 AVES: PASSERES. — XLVI. 
pendages small or wanting. L. 6}. W. 3} T. 23. N. Am, 
abundant. (Lat., of the cedars.) 
Famity CLXXI. LANIIDA\. (THE SurRIKEs.) 
Primaries 10, the first short (rarely wanting); bill hawklike, 
very strong, the upper mandible toothed and abruptly hooked at 
the tip; both mandibles distinctly notched. Wings short, rounded. 
Tail long. Tarsus scutellate on the outside as well as in front. 
Sexes alike. 
Species about 100, found in most parts of the world, remarkable 
for their vigor and pugnacity. ‘Their habits, corresponding with 
the form of the bill, are similar to those of birds of prey, for which 
reason they were placed by Linnzeus among the Accipitres. They 
have a remarkable habit of impaling small animals on thorns and 
leaving them there. 
a. Rictus with bristles; nostrils concealed by bristly tufts; first primary not 
very short... . « « LANIUS, 505. 
505. LANIUS Linneus. (Lat., butcher.) 
949. L. borealis Vieillot. GrEAT NORTHERN SHRIKE. ButcH- 
ERBIRD. Ashy above, rump paler; black bars on side of head 
narrow, not meeting in front, and interrupted by a white crescent 
on under eyelid ; rump and shoulders whitish ; wings and tail black, 
outer tail feathers with white; white below always waved with 
blackish. L. 94. W.4}. T. 43. N.N. Am,, S. in winter to Ky. 
and Va. 
950. L. ludovicianus L. LoaGGrer-HeaAp Surike. Clear 
ashy blue; a whitish superciliary line; black bars on sides of head 
broad, meeting across forehead; no white on under eyelid ; adults 
white below, not dark-waved. L.9. W. 33. T.4. S. U.S., the 
typical variety, S. E., N. to Ohio and Vt.; a paler form, var. ex- 
cubitorides Swainson (White Rumped Shrike), common W., E. to 
N. Y. This has the tail coverts whitish, L. 9. W. 4. T. 4. 
(Lat., Louisianian.) 
Famity CLXXII VIRHONIDA. (TuHE Vireos.) 
Primaries 10, or apparently only 9, the first being often rudi- 
mentary and displaced. Bill shorter than head, stout, compressed, 
decidedly notched and hooked. Rictus with bristles. Nostrils 
exposed, overhung by a scale, reached by the bristly frontal feath- 
ers. Tarsus scutellate ; toes soldered at base for the whole length 
of basal joint of middle one, which is united with the basal joint of 
the inner and the two basal joints of the outer; lateral toes usually 
unequal. 
A rather small family, comprising 5 genera and 60 to 70 species 
of small olivaceous birds, all American, They are allied to the 
