CERVIDA. — CXCV. 300 
OrpeR LI. UNGULATA. (THe Hoorep Mammats.) 
Herbivorous mammals provided with 1 to 4 enlarged and thick- 
ened claws or hoofs on each foot ; molar teeth adapted for grind- 
ing. The anatomical characters of this well-known and varied 
group are too numerous to be here summarized. ‘The order is 
usually subdivided into the Perissodactyli, or odd-toed ungulates, 
and the Artiodactyli or even-toes. The former group is exempli- 
fied by the Horse (Zquus caballus L.), the Ass (Asinus asinus L.), 
the Rhinoceros and the Tapir. The Artiodactyli are again sub- 
divided into the non-ruminating, omnivorous, hornless, naked or 
bristly allies of the Common Hog and Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), and 
the group of Pecora (Ruminants). To the latter belong all the 
living ungulates occurring within our limits. (Lat., ungulatus, 
hoofed. ) 
Families of Ungulata. 
a. Feet bifid; first toe wanting; second and fourth rudimentary. (Artio- 
dactylt.) 
6. Stomach compound, of 3 or 4 compartments; horns usually present. 
(Pecora.) 
c. Upper jaw without incisors, in the adult. 
d. Horns solid, usually branching, deciduous. . . . CERyID&, 195. 
dd. Horns permanent, eee each enclosing a process of the frontal 
DOME... SY he. pity do ha het) OVID, ING: 
Famity CXCV. CHRVIDAL. (THE DEER.) 
Horns deciduous, solid, developed from the frontal bone, more 
or less branched, covered at first by a soft, hairy integument, 
known as “ velvet ’’; when the horns attain their full size, which 
they do in a very short time, there arises at the base of each a ring 
of tubercles known as the “ burr ;”’ this compresses and finally ob- 
literates the blood-vessels supplying the velvet, which dries up and 
is stripped off, leaving the bone hard and insensible; the horns or 
“antlers ” are shed annually, the separation of the “ beam ” from its 
“pedicel” taking place just below the burr ; antlers are wanting in 
the female (excepting in the Reindeer) but they are present in the 
male of nearly all species. Stomach in four divisions, of the oe 
nary ruminant pattern. Dental formula, i. § 3, c. (usually) 9:9; 
pm. 373; m. 3:3. A widely distributed family of about 13 genera. 
a. Horns present in males only. 
b. Horns rounded more or less; rarely sub-palmated, nose naked and moist. 
c. Horns small, curving forward, the first snag short, at some distance 
above the base, and like the others aati ee tail rather long; 
hoofs rather elongate. sy ee . . CaRIAcus, 586. 
cc. Horns large, curving backward, with the snags all directed forward, 
one of them immediately above the burr, tail very short; hoofs 
broad and rounded)\ a) ep “ele See wie 8 ee CERvus, 587. 
