AVES. 
183 
Genus 8.—LAN I US.— Linnaeus. 
Generic Character. —Bill of medium size, strong, straight from 
its base, and considerably compressed; upper mandible much 
bent towards its tip and hooked ; base without cere, provided 
with strong nuchal bristles, directed forward ; nostrils close to 
the base, lateral, nearly round, half closed by a concamerated 
membrane,' nearly concealed by the bristles ; tarsus longer than 
the middle toe ; feet with three toes before and one behind, 
free; the third and fourth quills the longest. 
Lanius excubitor .— The Great Shrike. 
Plate XLIV. fig. 3. 
Upper parts pearl-gray, passing into ash-gray; under parts 
grayish-white; a black patch reaches from the base of the bill, 
across the ophthalmic region to the middle of the neck; bill 
black; irides blackish-brown ; tail uniform, consisting of twelve 
feathers, the two middle ones black, the next two tipped with 
white, the others diminishing in depth of tint till the outer ones, 
which are nearly white; feet and claws black. Nine inches 
long. Inhabits Europe. 
Genus 9.—PSARIS.— Cuvier. 
Generic Character .—Bill thick, short, round, conical, and 
ridged at top, with the base depressed, and the tip bent, slightly 
notched, and compressed; nostrils lateral, round, open, and re¬ 
mote from the base of the bill, placed in the horny substance; 
legs robust, tarsus short, the length of the middle toe; the ex¬ 
ternal toe attached to the first phalange; wings middle-sized ; 
the third and fourth quills longest. 
Psaris per sonata .— The Masked Psaris. 
Plate XLIII. fig. 2. 
Upper parts ash-gray, paler below, and almost inclining to 
white; shoulders, quills, and secondaries, black ; the wings are 
long in proportion ; bill yellowish-brown ; a narrow yellow-red 
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