Protective Coloration in its relation to Mimicry, etc. 565 



wholly effacive design, so subtle as to make it absurd to 

 suppose that Nature could be trying to have him conspicu- 

 ous, or to use such delicate gradations for identification. 

 Caligo telamonius and Caligo demostheiies are even more 

 wonderful examples. Cynthia has a wonderful multiplicity 

 of perspectives represented on its surface. Black and 

 green NymphalincX are notably orchid-like in design. 

 Their dark tips disappear, uniting with the shadows. 

 Dione has good near-scenery on its upper-side, while 

 the silver spots of its under-side appear in a side view to 

 cut holes through its winsrs. 



The Danaine butterfly Zimnas chrysippus is covered 

 with design which I am not prepared to interpret. 

 Whether or not it is a flower, the four interior spots on 

 the upper-side of the hind-wings may pass for stamens, as 

 may also, of course, the antennse ; and whether or not the 

 yellow-red ground counterfeits the colour of a flower, it 

 represents a flower's form. Caduga mclaneus has the colour- 

 scheme of the skunk, with, of course, similar advantages. 



The Satyrina}, i. e. the dark ones, with strong, light 

 patterns, have also the skunk's colour-principle. The 

 BanainiB, Itlioniiinie, and Heliconinm of South America, 

 Lycorea, 3Ielinxa, and Heliconius, for instance, display 

 marvellous mutual resemblance, yet their likeness to 

 Odontoglossum triumphans, when their dark tips are cut 

 out by coalescing with the shadow, is most impressive. 



Among the transparent Satyrinie I may mention 

 Pierclla nereis. Unmistakably the whole surface of this 

 insect (and likewise that of Githierias menander) pictures 

 a single flower. 



Pierella astyoche represents flower-scenery (likewise 

 Picrella rhea). 



In the Oriental Danaine genus Euploea we see exquisite 

 shadow-perspective over which white spots relieve. The 

 blue sheen, seldom or never occurring on both wings at 

 once, additionally effaces. 



In the LycienidiB the exquisite hlue species represent 

 flower-cups, their black border of course detaching into 

 the background. 



The above examples I have chosen from all the families 

 I have lately examined, which do not include the Skippers, 

 or the great mass of Papilionid^e. 



Let me add a few more reflections, all harmonious with 

 my theory. 



