THE TEUMPET LEAF-MINER OF THE APPLE. 27 



was never found on blackberry, though ^jrowing in abundance near 

 infested apple trees. 



SEASONAL HISTORY. 



But little of a definite character has been recorded concerning the 

 seasonal history of this species. Clemens states that " when pupation 

 begins the leaf is thrown into a fold, which is carpeted Avith silk, and 

 the pupa lies within it. This state begins about the latter part of 

 September, and the imago appears early in May." Bruini, who 

 studied the species at Ithaca, N. Y., says, referring to the mines, 

 " Within these clean and comfortable quarters the larva passes the 

 winter." The observations of "Weed, rej^orted in "Injurious and 

 Other Insects of Illinois" (188()), agree entirelj'^ with those of 

 Brunn ; and Lintner, writing in 1895, says it hibernates within the 

 leaf in its larval stage. IVttit, in 1900, states that " The larvae are 

 said to change to the pupal condition during September, and to re- 

 main in that condition until the following May," and again, in 1904, 

 he says, " The pupal stage is passed in the mines of the leaves, neces- 

 saril}^ on the ground in the winter time." Observations of Lowe in 

 1900 at Geneva, N. Y., agree with those of Brunn and AYeed, though 

 on October 29 a larva was found evidently about to pupate. 



Until 1900 this species was evidently considered single brooded, 

 though no definite observations seem to have been made on this point. 

 During that year Pettit reported for Michigan that full-groAvn larva^ 

 were found about the middle of July and again September 10, indi- 

 cating at least two generations of larva>. August 16, 1905, in Niagara 

 County, N. Y., the writer found numerous empty mines with pro- 

 truded pupa cases, and a single live pupa in a mine. Young larvae 

 from eight to ten days old were fairly common, indicating a second 

 generation for that section. 



The abundance of the insects in the vicinity of Washington during 

 the past two years has permitted some observations on this point. 

 In 1905 the insect was first noticed. May 30, on an isolated apple 

 tree near the writer's home in Kalorama Heights, D. C, and this 

 tree has been kept under observation during the seasons of 1905 and 

 1906. On May 30, 1905, when first seen, the first generation of 

 larvae was maturing, one pupa being found, and by June 18 the 

 great majority of larva^ had pupated, and quite 25 per cent of the 

 moths had already emerged. The first generation of larvae was quite 

 abundant, almost every leaf having 8 to 10 mines. Practically all 

 \m\rA' had yielded moths by June 30, and the leaves were peppered 

 with eggs, many of which had already hatched, the larvae being yet 

 quite small, in linear mines. By July 27 the second generation of 

 larvie had mostly pupated and many moths were out and ovipositing. 



