NUT-FEEDING HABITS OF THE CODLING MOTH. 69 
lett pear crop around Concord, Cal., is picked prior to this time and 
before all the second-brood moths have developed. It is entirely 
probable that these late-appearing individuals seek the walnut as the 
only remaining plant suitable for oviposition. Thorough search 
during May and June, 1910, failed to show the presence of any larvee 
on trees that were badly infested last season. 
Life of larve in walnuts.—In spite of the extreme bitterness of the 
fleshy hull, some larve thrive well there for a time before entering 
the kernel, as several specimens of healthy, active larvae one-fourth 
to one-half grown were found in the hull. However, in all cases 
under observation the larvee left the hull and entered the kernel be- 
fore reaching maturity. The majority of the larve burrow directly 
through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell. Some 
larvee are saved the necessity of burrowing through the hull, as this, 
during the period of infestation, is ripening on many of the early 
nuts, and on account of the parting of the lobes the small larva has 
only to eat its way through the thin fibrous connection. No case was 
noted where the larva entered through the shell. 
Time required for development.—No individual records were kept, 
but all observations show that the larva develops as rapidly on the 
meat of the walnut as it does in apples at this season of the year. 
Some larve less than a week old, collected in walnuts October 5, 
reached their full development and were spinning cocoons by the 
middle of November. Others, however, continued to do more or less 
feeding on the kernel and did not spin cocoons until January. 
Hibernation—From 1 gallon of infested walnuts kept at the 
laboratory perhaps one-fourth of the larve cocooned and pupated 
inside the shell. Others, leaving the walnuts at the same place where 
they entered—that is, through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves 
of the shell—pupated in bits of paper and rags kept in the jars. 
Before pupating in the walnuts, the larva prepares an opening 
through the fibrous tissue sufficient for the exit of the moth and spins 
its cocoon immediately adjoining this opening. Upon the emergence 
of the moth the shed pupal skin is left outside on the end of the 
walnut, as is shown in Plate VIII, figure 1. All larve under observa- 
tion pupated between February 20 and April 10. 
Adults—Moths emerged in numbers from the above material dur- 
ing April and May, 1910, comparing closely with the emergence 
record of moths from a quantity of overwintering larve taken from 
bands on apple trees the previous season. 
Identification—Numerous adults emerging from this material 
were submitted to Mr. August Busck, of the Bureau of Entomology, 
for identification. Mr. Busck has definitely determined these as 
Carpocapsa pomonella L.; he states that the European Carpocapsa 
putaminana Staudinger, recorded as feeding on walnuts in Europe, 
is now regarded as a variety of pomonella. 
