72 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 
SEASONAL-HISTORY STUDIES OF 1909. 
SOURCE OF REARING MATERIAL. 
The main portion of the rearing material used in the spring of 1909 
was collected during the previous summer and fall from banded apple 
trees; the rest—a small fraction—constituted reared specimens from 
experiments of the previous year. The larve intended for pupal 
records were allowed to make their cocoons between narrow strips of 
wood (fig. 18), where their transformation could be readily observed 
without greatly altering their conditions, while those for emergence 
records of the moths cocooned in masses of old bark of apple trees. 
During the winter the material was kept in a medium-sized glass jar, 
covered with thin cloth, and was thus left undisturbed in an open 
shelter (see Plate IX) until the following spring. 
Fig. 18.—Device consisting of strips of wood held together by rubber bands used in obtaining pupal 
records of the codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella). Reduced. (Original.) 
The rearing material for the following emergence of moths, or 
first-brood moths, was mainly from that used in taking the band 
records of 1909, and, to a small extent, from reared specimens. There 
is a special value in the use of band-collected larvee in the rearing of 
the codling moth, in that these have up to the time of transforming 
developed normally in the field and the resulting adults show thus 
both the normal time of emergence and the relative occurrence in the 
field. 
OVERWINTERING LARV. 
The overwintering larvee of the codling moth in the vicinity of 
North East, Pa., are partly of the first and partly of the second broods. 
As is more fully considered on page 84, a portion of the first-brood 
larve, unlike the rest, hibernate—as do normally all larve of the 
second brood—and complete their life cycle the following spring. 
