110 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 
INSECT ENEMIES. 
The feeding habits of codling-moth larve within the fruit offer 
the insect considerable protection against both predaceous and para- 
sitic enemies. At the time of maturity, however, when the larve 
leave the fruit and seek suitable places for transformation or hiber- 
nation, they are for a short time exposed and are sometimes attacked 
by various insect enemies. A small black beetle (T’enebrioides cor- 
ticalis Melsh.) and its very slender larva were found during August 
to late October, 1909, under the burlap bands on apple trees. Dead 
and partly devoured codling-moth larve were frequently found 
attacked by both beetles and larve of this species. Another black 
beetle, Dromius piceus Dej., was also found quite frequently. Platy- 
nus obsoletus Say was taken on several occasions, and a few specimens 
of the larger ground beetle (Galerita janus Fab.) were also collected 
under the bands. 
The following beetles were collected from banded trees, but without 
any observation as to their attacks upon larve of the codling moth: 
Melanotus fissilis Say, Cryptarcha ampla Er., Mycetochares fraterna 
Say, Tenebrio tenebrioides Beauv., and Hymenorus sp. These and 
previously named beetles were determined by Messrs. K. A. Schwarz 
and H.S. Barber, of the Bureau of Entomology. 
The following species of ants, determined by Mr. Theo. Pergande, 
were found to attack the larve of the codling moth under the bands: 
Camponotus pennsylvanicus (Dej.) Mayr., Formica subsericea Say, 
Cremastogaster lineolata Say, and Myrmaca lobicornis Nyl. 
A centipede, Geophilus rubens Say, determined by Mr. R. V. Cham- 
berlin, of Provo, Utah, was taken several times beneath the bands, 
in the act of feeding on larve of the codling moth. 
A hymenopterous parasite (Ascogaster carpocapse Vier.), as deter- 
mined by Mr. H. L. Viereck, of the Bureau of Entomology, issued in 
the cages from band material of the two broods of the codling moth, 
and proved to be quite common. 
SUMMARY. 
In northwestern Pennsylvania the codling moth produces in the 
course of a year one full generation and a partial second generation. 
The life-cycle of the insect may be briefly summarized as follows: 
In the spring the overwintering larva pupates in early June, and 
three weeks later the moth emerges. The emergence extends over 
a period of about 1 month, beginning about the middle of June. 
Oviposition generally takes place 3 or 4 days after the emergence 
of the moth, and the egg hatches in 1 week. Eggs showing a 
red ring are about 3 days old, while those with a black spot in the cen- 
ter will mostly hatch in 1 or 2 days. Shortly after hatching the 
young larva enters the fruit and feeds about 26 days. _On reaching 
