EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM AND PEAR SCALE. 149 
oil soap in 12 gallons of hot water and pouring the mixture into the 
spray tank with 20 gallons of distillate oil (28° Baumé). The 
mixture was then thoroughly agitated and run through the nozzles 
into a barrel at about 150 to 180 pounds pressure, giving a thick, 
creamy emulsion of about 55 per cent strength of oil. A powerful 
agitation, such as obtained by driving the liquid through nozzles 
or the relief valve at a high pressure, seems to be the most important 
factor in obtaining a stable emulsion. The formula used for the 
stock emulsion was: 
PRO Weel: tates sek ete Hate roche hi Sh Aad IS leeds ol etal nn gallons.. 12 
DE PSL TSO IS Graal le pT I A ee eg Fa SC pounds.. 30 
Pistibate Cin 2c. MeMUMIO cca e scot e Sle aacee cas wana gallons.. 20 
The fish-oil soap was made as follows: 
eae te tet ta sth ae ater) eile toai Citi, Sp fai =) aia) j~' wi tieyalmvolere peauaie't fy gallons.. 6 
Se eta At acta asad il li ictal lms Syn ne, haynes malign lhc apa, pd pounds.. 2 
LBL, GULLS a 5 ARS 5 eek A RES PES IEE Re Pan are eee dele arate as gallons.. 14 
The soap ingredients were boiled for about two hours and gave 
about 40 pounds of soap. 
The 6 per cent distillate emulsion was made by taking about 54 
gallons of the concentrated emulsion and 44} gallons of water. 
One pound of caustic soda was used to soften the water. 
Plat 2, 5 per cent distillate-oil emulsion and caustic soda.—This was 
prepared by using 44 gallons of the concentrated or stock emulsion, 5 
pounds of caustic soda, and 454 gallons of water to make 50 gallons of 
spray. 
Plat 3,6 per cent distillate-oil mechanical emulsion.—Made by using 3 
gallons of distillate oil (28° Baumé), 1 pound of caustic soda, and 47 
gallons of water to make 50 gallons of the liquid. This was agitated 
violently for about five minutes before being applied. 
Plat 4, caustic soda.—Six pounds of caustic soda were used to 50 
gallons of water. 
Plat 5, 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion.—The formula used for this 
emulsion was— 
CENSORS einem ee ee Mars aM ech itts a etn ates pounds 5 
LST ies Roa Pol, SOO aN aes a Rd ll a do 1 
ETN (CHIE BE a UR ed ea anaes lO ee gallons 6 
eaten meee eee erie ee Pier ied ces Faia MR) olan Sle doe 2t 29/45 
This formula makes 50 gallons of liquid. The soap was dissolved 
in about 10 gallons of hot water; the soap water was then poured into 
the tank and the rest of the 43 gallons added; then the 1 pound of 
lye was added and the crude oil poured in slowly while the mixture 
was being agitated. More water should never be added after the oil 
has been poured in. The crude oil used was pure ‘‘Coalinga special”’ 
crude petroleum 16° to 22° Baumé, with an asphalt base. 
