30 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 
way out. When examined three hours later, nothing was left of the 
larva but the head and shriveled skin. This mite was later found to 
be fairly common on other trees as well as apple. 
Two species of ants, Solenopsis validiusculus Emery and Cremasto- 
gaster bicolor Buckley as determined by Mr. Theo. Pergande, were 
frequently found attacking live larvee under bands. 
An ichneumon, determined by Mr. J. C. Crawford as the commonly 
recorded parasite of the codling moth, Pimpla annulipes Brullé, - 
was frequently reared from band-collected material. From one lot of 
larvee taken from the bands, Mr. 8. W. Foster reared 11 specimens of 
an undetermined chalcidid, possibly a secondary parasite. 
Two specimens of a small tachina fly, Tachinophyto sp.? (deter- 
mined by Mr. C. H. T. Townsend), were reared in 1907. One indi- 
‘vidual issued from a larva which was brought into the laboratory 
while still in the apple, though nearly full grown. 
PERCENTAGE OF FRUIT INFESTED. 
In 1908 the apple crop was so small that the growers did not con- 
sider it worth protecting by spraying. On account of the small crop 
and the lack of preventive measures, practically every apple was 
wormy and the fruit fell from the trees before a large number of the 
later larvee had a chance to enter. In 1907, counts from 8 unsprayed 
trees (4 Ben Davis and 4 Winesap) showed a percentage of wormy 
fruit varying from 48.1 to 64.1, the average on the Winesaps being 
50.7 and on the Ben Davis 60.4. A total of 20,890 apples were exam- 
ined from the 8 trees, including all windfalls throughout the season. 
Apples infested with codling moth, Enarmonia prunivora Walsh, and 
Epinotia pyricolana Murtfeldt were classed together as “wormy” 
fruit. Curculio injury was disregarded. 
So small a percentage of infestation seems rather remarkable in a 
locality such as this, where at least a majority of the insects pass 
through three generations, while in other fruit-growing districts with 
a shorter season an unprotected apple crop is completely destroyed 
by the codling moth. Perhaps the third generation may be a dis- 
advantage in the increase of the insect, as a considerable proportion 
of this brood, being yet in the fruit when the crop is harvested, is 
removed from the orchard (see 1907 band record, p. 23). And it 
must be that many of the later larve to hatch would even fail to 
find any fruit to enter, as the apple harvest usually begins early in 
September. 
