98 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. 
two broods of larve it will be noted that the first brood exceeded in 
number the second brood about five times. Considering the number 
of transforming larvee and the number of wintering larve of the first 
brood, it was found that only one-fourth of the brood completed the 
life cycle the same season, while three-fourths of the brood hiber- 
nated, attaining their full development with individuals of the second 
brood. 
REVIEW OF THE LIFE-HISTORY WORK OF 1909. 
During 1909 an attempt was made to rear the codling moth through- 
out the season, and to determine the time and relative occurrence of 
the different stages of the two broods. The essential results of 
observations for the season are shown in the diagram (fig. 22). 
The moths in the spring commenced to emerge June 11, reaching a 
maximum of emergence June 24. Moths of the following brood— 
the first-brood moths—appeared from August 2 to September 3, 
with a maximum August 26. Oviposition generally took place the 
fifth day after the emergence of the moths of either brood. The 
time during which the first brood larve attained maturity extended 
from July 10 to the end of September. Only one-fourth of the 
larve of this brood transformed and completed the life cycle the 
same year, while three-fourths of the larve hibernated. Of the 
second brood, mature larve appeared first on September 11 and 
continued to appear until the middle of November, at which time 
quite a number was prevented from further growth and failed to 
enter hibernation places because of prevailing low temperature. 
Judging by the number of larve collected from the banded trees, 
individuals of the first generation exceeded in number the second 
generation five times. 
SEASONAL-HISTORY STUDIES OF 1907 AND 1908. 
SOURCE OF REARING MATERIAL. 
The rearing material for the spring of 1907 was collected from a 
cider bin May 9, before any larve had transformed. Later in the 
season lary. were obtained from banded apple trees, which were 
then used partly the same year and partly (overwintering larvee) for 
emergence records of moths the following spring. Additional band 
material was obtained in 1908, which, together with a small number 
of reared larve, constituted the entire supply used that year. 
The rearing work for the two seasons of 1907 and 1908 was carried 
out on an open porch of the laboratory building, or out of doors under 
trees in the laboratory yard, and it is thus believed that the records 
of observations represent the normal transformation of the insect 
in orchards. 
