62 LEAFHOPPERS AFFECTING CEREALS, ETC. 
GYPONA OCTOLINEATA Say. 
Gypona octolineata Say is a rather general feeder but it occurs so 
commonly in grasses and in grain fields that it must be reckoned 
as one of the grass-feeding species. It is a large insect, the size 
varying from a third of an inch to one-half inch in length and the 
color is light yellowish green with a series of dark yellow or orange 
lines running lengthwise from the head and thorax. Nymphs, which 
are commonly met with in fields, are very broad and flattened, 
much flatter than even the adult, which they resemble, in fact, so 
that they may be easily recognized. The head is narrowed in front 
of the eyes, the front portion of the head being extremely thin, 
and the antenne are quite thin. 
The general color is green and the surface of the body is covered 
with a rather dense fine hair, the fully developed nymphs of the last 
nymphal stage being broader and shorter and of a darker green 
than the other stages, and there being two brown spots on the inner 
angle of the wing-pads. There are two generations annually, the 
life cycle in general consisting of the appearance of the nymphs by 
the middle of June and the completion of these nymphal stages about 
the middle of July. The adults of the midsummer generation 
appear from about the 1st of July until about the middle of August 
and the second nymphal generation from the latter part of August 
through September. The adults of the autumn generation appear 
in September and remain until the middle or latter part of October. 
Presumably eggs are deposited in autumn, as no adults have been 
observed in early spring. ‘The species is extremely widely distributed 
and has been given a considerable number of different names, based 
either on geographic distribution or upon the variations which 
may occur in some locality. A quite prominent form has a dis- 
tinctly scarlet color in autumn, but otherwise seems not to differ 
from the ordinary form. Its food plants are so varied that it is 
difficult to suggest any ways by which it may be controlled, based 
on food plants or locations of egg deposition, and it seems necessary 
to leave it to the control of natural enemies which, on the whole, 
appear to keep it fairly within bounds. 
GYPONA BIMACULATA Spang. 
Gypona. bimaculata Spang. is a very large leafhopper, the largest, 
in fact, of any which is known to attack grains and grasses in the 
United States, and it is a species quite generally distributed through- 
out the northern portion of the country, occurring from New York 
and Pennsylvania westward through Ohio, Indiana, Hlinois, Minnesota, 
and Iowa to the west. It was described as bipunctulata in 1887 by 
Woodworth, but no account which considered it as an economic 
