84 LEAFHOPPERS AFFECTING CEREALS, ETC. 
from the first week in June until the middle of July; adults, again, 
from the first week in July through August; nymphs through August 
until the middle of September, and again adults from the middle of 
September through the season. The evidence is therefore very strong 
that eggs are deposited in autumn, survive the winter, hatch in early 
spring, and developing as nymphs during April or early May reach 
the adult condition, as observed above, by the middle of May. 
REMEDIES. 
So far as observation or experiment goes the most satisfactory 
treatment for this species is the use of hopperdozers or sprays during 
the early part of the season so as to reduce the numbers and prevent 
injury during the latter part of the summer. From the observations 
in Iowa it appears that the most effective dates for the use of hop- 
perdozers would be from May 25 to June 10, again from July 15 to 
July 25, and again, if the insects are still abundant, about August 10. 
As the eggs are quite certainly in the leaves or stems of dead grass 
during the autumn, winter, and early spring, it would seem almost 
certain that burning over the grassland where practicable would have 
a very positive effect upon this species. Of course this is not possible 
in some cases on account of the amount of green vegetation that would 
prevent the burning, and in other cases, if the grass is too dry, there 
would be danger of killmg out the plants. Perhaps the best results 
would come from burning while the ground is frozen and at times 
when the upper portion of the grass is dry enough to carry fire. 
Say’s LEAFHOPPER. 
(Deltocephalus sayi Fitch.) 
Say’s leafhopper (Deltocephalus sayi Fitch) is another widely-dis- 
tributed species occurring in abundance in practically all kinds of 
grasslands throughout the northern United States, but showing a 
preference for bluegrass in woody pastures. It seems to have little 
preference for upland or low ground except as the grass becomes dry 
in midsummer, when it will be found gathering more particularly in 
shady places or where extra moisture permits the grass to remain 
more succulent. It has been recorded or observed for localities all 
the way from New Hampshire to the Rocky Mountam region with 
records as far south as North Carolina, Kentucky, and Kansas, and it 
probably has a distribution farther south at least along the Appalach- 
ians. (See fig. 19.) Its numbers are sufficient to make it a consid- 
erable pest in pastures and meadows where it occurs, although it does 
not have the extreme abundance noted for D. inimicus or D. affinis. 
The adult insects (see fig. 20, a) are small, robust creatures with a 
rather distinetly pointed head and with the fore-wings broad and 
