90 LEAFHOPPERS AFFECTING CEREALS, ETC. 
time of occurrence of the different forms, in that adults and young of 
all stages may be found at almost any time of the year. 
DISTRIBUTION. 
The distribution of the species was given by Van Duzee in 1894 as 
from Maryland to Florida and west to Colorado and Texas, but later 
records have extended this distribution so as to cover practically all 
of the United States and portions of Mexico and the West Indies. 
During the year 1909-10 I found it in abundance at almost every point 
where collections were made from the Dakotas to Washington and in 
the Eastern States from New York to Georgia, and Southwest it 
swarmed in almost every locality from Texas to California, being one 
of the most abundant species met with in collections from grass, 
wheat, oats, and fall rye. It is quite probable that this is a southern 
species that has spread over the northern United States in compara- 
tively recent times, but it is now well established. Evidently it is 
to be considered one of the most important of all the jassids when its 
wide distribution and possibilities for multiplication are taken into 
account. 
MEANS OF CONTROL. 
The control of the species is a matter somewhat difficult for grass- 
lands, although it can be captured in the same manner as other com- 
mon leafhoppers, but the attacks on grain, especially upon fall wheat, 
rye, barley, and oats, ought to be very readily prevented by attention 
to the adjacent grasslands at the proper time in midsummer or early 
autumn before the appearance of the growth of the fall grain crops. 
If it is appreciated that these jassids develop entirely during the 
summer months in the pastures or meadows or grasslands adjacent 
to the cultivated fields, it will be seen that the proper basis of treat- 
ment is to attack them in these adjacent fields. While they may not 
appear remarkably abundant or seem to cause great injury in the 
grasslands, they are, nevertheless, draining the crop extensively, and 
when these plants begin to ripen or become less succulent the tendency 
is for the leafhopper to migrate into the grain fields. Since they fly 
very readily they accumulate in large numbers in the grain fields and 
consequently produce the very marked injuries that have been 
described. The treatment of the grassland will depend largely upon 
what the nature of the land is and its importance as pasture or 
meadow. If practicable, it may be sprayed or treated with the 
hopperdozer, but for rough land, especially that which is not of im- 
portance for pasture, probably the most available method would be 
to burn over as completely as possible in September or at about the 
time that the grain crops are planted. Of course some of the adults 
might escape by flights, but at this time a large number of the insects 
would be in the nymphal stages and unable to fly, and consequently 
