(=) 
promoting the growth, and taking off’ all fuperfluous branches? what 
kinds are fuitable to different foils? what fpecies thrive beft together?: 
a judicious lopping of the branches, thinning clofe the clumps of trees, 
and clearing the ground of underwood, will make many woodlands.good - 
paftures, and form them into beautiful parks. ‘This management would 
alfo improve the quality of timber by procuring the benefit of fun and_ 
air: the want of this may be regarded as one. principal caufe of the 
{punginefs of our timber, which defect fo inimical to durability, ftrength, | 
and prefervation of a given form, is further encreafed by a too common 
ignorance or negleét of the proper feafon for felling the. materials of 
building, furniture, ftaves and various utenfils. Some -valuable trees — 
and fhrubs are yet obfcurely known: among thefe the fo called coffee-tree 
*in the weftern country, that bears a,hard. nui, the kernel of which 
is generally ufed by the inhabitants as a fubftitute for coffee; the- native. 
plumb trees on the Miffiffippi, faid to be far fuperior to thofe in the mid-. 
dle ftates; the newly difcovered and much extolled grape of Scioto.+ 
Many of.thofe which have long been familiar to us, ftill poffefs. ufeful_ 
qualities little explored. Oil might be extracted frem acorns, and efpe- - 
cially from the large and-greafy.fpecies of the -chefnut-oak;. as: lately, 
though but in few places, is done from the various kinds of walnuts. 
Spirits may be diftilled from the berries of the red cedar, which fo much . 
reflemble thofe of the European Juniper. . Wine far better, than what is. 
generally done, can be made from the late grapes, as I know by.my own. 
experiments. From all kinds. of. grapes, the Perfimon. fruit, the 
berries of the four-gum, + and white-thorn,§ the crab-apple, the wild- 
pears, plumbs, and cherries, with fimilar fruits, fpirituous liquor, and 
vinegar may be obtained. This white-thorn will, if it can be kept clofe 
and low, make an impenetrable and beautiful hedge, by its long fharp and 
folid fpears, and by its cluftering bloffoms-and large red berries. . The 
new experiment of grafting foreign kinds.on our native grape-wines, faid - 
to be very promifing, may prove a good prefervative againft the rigour of 
winter. Inall probability many fpecies of leaves would make good fod-. 
der for cattle, if gathered in the proper feafon, and well cured: this ex- 
pedient practifed in the north of Europe* is of great importance to one 
half of the American ftates, which have according to fituation no pafture 
for 
® Gnuilandia. 
+ A branch of the Ohio, 
} Nyfla 
§ Crus gally. ‘ 
* Afpin leaves f, ¢. are a pleafing and falutary food for horfes, 
