THE DIFFERENT DISEASES THAT ATTACK BEES. 93 



Maiden reports that the disease had ^vithi^ the previous two years 

 spread from the Isle of Wight to the mainland (England). There 

 seems to be evidence that the virulence of the disease is less than 

 when first observed on the Isle of Wight. 



Zander, 1910. 



Zander in 1910 in a publication * gives a good brief review of the 

 work that has been done on the cause of the brood diseases. The 

 disease in wliich Streptococcus apis is found Zander refers to as 

 "sauerbrut"; the disease which he refers to as "faulbrut," we call 

 American foul brood ; and we diagnose as European foul brood what 

 he refers to as "brutpest." 



Zander, 1911. 



In 1911 Zander writes ^ of the diseases and enemies of the adult 

 bees. The morphology, life liistory, and distribution of Nosema apis 

 (p. 89) had been the subject of further study by him and in this pub- 

 lication he gives the results of his work. 



A BRIEF CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF THE WORK ON THE 

 CAUSES OF BEE DISEASES. 



THE DIFFERENT DISEASES THAT ATTACK BEES. 



That bees suffer from disease is recorded in the writings prior 

 to the Christian era. It is not known, however, which diseases are 

 referred to. 



Schirach (p. 13) in 1771 classified the diseases of bees. In his 

 classification he mentions, among other diseases, dysentery and foul 

 brood. 



Just when and by whom it was first recognized that foul brood was 

 of two forms is not known. It would seem that Schirach, in 1771, 

 observed that foul brood was not always the same. One finds that 

 Leuckliart (p. 14) in 1860 and Molitor-Miililfeld (p. 14) and Preuss 

 (p. 15) in 1868, all indicated by their writings that they considered 

 foul brood to be of more than one form. 



Dzierzon (p. 18), in his "Rational Beekeeping" in 1882, describes 

 two forms of foul brood. The descriptions of the two forms agree 

 veiy closely with those of European foul brood and American foul 

 brood. 



Cheshire (p. 19) began to write early in the year 1884 of two forms 

 of foul brood, but before the close of the year he (p. 22) declared that 

 there was only one form. 



1 Zander, Dr. Enoch, 1910. Die Faulbrut und ihre Bekampfung. Part I. Handbuch der Bienen- 

 kunde in Einzeldarstellungen. Mit 4 Tafeln und 8 Abbildungen nach Originalen des Verfassers. Pp. 31. 



3 Zander, Dr. Enoch, 1911. Krankheiten und Schadlinge der erwachsenen Bienen. Part II. Hand- 

 buch der Bienenkunde in Einzeldarstellungen. Mit 8 Tafeln und 13 Abbildungen grosstenteils nach 

 Originalea des Verfassers. Pp. 40. 



