HISTORICAL DATA. 11 



the direct influence and encouragement of Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief 

 of the Bureau of Entomology. Messrs. R. A. Cushman and C. E. 

 Ilood have been intimately associated in the preparation of the 

 material for this bulletin since 1907. The collecting, examining, and 

 recording of the immense mass of material has involved in addition 

 the services of Messrs, E. A. Schwarz, J. D. Mitchell, W. E. Hinds, 

 Wilmon Newell, F. C. Bishopp, A. C. Morgan, F. C. Pratt, C. R. 

 Jones, W. W. Yothers, G. D. Smith, A. H. Rosenfeld, II. S. Smith, E. S. 

 Tucker, T. C. Barber, S. Goes, C. S. Spooner, C. W. Flynn, T. C. Paulsen, 

 J. A. Hyslop, V. I. Safro, T. E. Holloway, H. Pinkus, W. H. Hoffman, 

 F. L. Elliott, and O. M. Lander. Considerable credit is due Messrs. 



E. A. Schwarz, J. C. Crawford, W. M. Wlieeler, D. W. Coquillett, and 

 C. H. T. Townsend for determination of the insects concerned. The 

 weevils entering the biological complex have been determined b}^ the 

 senior author. In short, 33 entomologists have directly contributed 

 the data which are herewith presented. 



HISTORICAL DATA. 



The first definite records of the parasites of the cotton boll weevil 

 were made by C. H. T. Townsend in 1895 when he mentioned a small 

 hymenopterous parasite and also recorded the suspicious occurrence 

 of several species of Scymnus in the squares, and mentioned that a 

 fungoid parasite, a species of Cord3^ceps, "was found gi-owing out of a 

 dead pupa in its coll in a boll, November 26, in a field in San Juan 

 Allende, Mexico." (To^vnsend, 1895.) In 1901 Profs. Herrera and 

 Rangel published notes concerning the parasitic attack of Pedi- 

 culoides ventricosus Newport (fig. 8, p. 46) upon the boll weevil 

 (Rangel, 1901b, 1901c). 



In 1902 Dr. Wm. H. Ashmead described Brucliophagus lierrerse. from 

 Coahuila, Mex., as a primary parasite of the boll weevil (Ashmead, 

 1 902a, 1902b ; Herrera, 1902a) . This is ^vohnhXj F.wytoina tylodermatis 

 Ashmead. Prof. Herrera also recorded the activities of a predaceous 

 ant, Formica fusca Linn., subspecies subjjolita Mayr, variety perjpilosa 

 ^\^leeler, (Herrera, 1902b; Wheeler, 1902). In the same year Prof. 



F. W. Mally recorded the fact that Bracon (now Microhracon) mellitor 

 Say (fig. 12, p. 54) and Eupelmus (now Ceramhycohlus) cyaniceps Ash- 

 mead had been reared by him, since 1899, in considerable numbers 

 from the boll weevil. He also recorded a species of Eurytoma. 

 (Mally, 1902.) 



In 1904 Hunter and Hinds recorded additional primary parasites 

 as follows: Sigalphus curculionis Fitch (fig. 11, p. 53), Catolaccus 

 incertus Ashmead, TJrosigalphus (rohustus Ashmead), Bracon {dorsator 

 Say), and Eurytoma tylodermatis Ashmead, as well as an entomog- 

 enous fungus, Aspergillus (Hunter and Hinds, 1904). The Urosi- 



