166 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [460] 
Anthosoma crassum, on mackerel-shark. 
Lerniea branchialis, on cod-fish. 
Penella plumosa, on Diodon pilosus and Rhombus, sp. 
Anchorella uncinata, on cod-fish. 
Lernxonema radiatum, on menhaden, (458.) 
Lernonema, sp., on a species of Carangus. 
Coronula diadema, on whales. 
Leeches. 
Branchiobdella Ravenelii, on sting-rays; August, September, (458. 
Cystobranchus vividus, on minnows ; October to December 18, (458.) 
Ichthyobdella Funduli, on minnows; with last, (458.) 
Ichthyobdella, sp., dredged off New London, April. 
Pontobdella rapax, on flounders, (458.) 
Malacobdeila obesa, in long clams, (458.) 
M. mercenaria, in round clams, (458.) 
Myzobdella lugubris, on the edible crab, (458.) 
Bdelloura candida, on gills of Limulus. 
MOLLUSCA. 
Gastropods. 
Stylifer Stimpsonii, on the green sea-urchin. 
Kulima oleacea, on Thyone Briareus, (418.) 
IJI.—FAUNA OF THE ESTUARIES, HARBORS, PONDS, AND MARSHES. 
The region about Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, like that of the 
entire southern coast of New England and the coast farther south, is 
characterized by large numbers of ponds, lagoons, and estuaries, having 
a more or less interrupted communication with the sea. These are 
usually quite shallow, though often of great extent. The bottom is 
generally muddy, with occasional patches of sand, but at the surface 
usually consists largely of decaying vegetable and animal débris mixed 
with mud. 
The “eel-grass” (Zostera marina) grows in the shallower waters in 
great quantities, sometimes in small scattered patches, at other times 
covering large areas. Some of these ponds and estuaries receive con- 
siderable, though variable, quantities of fresh water from streams flow- 
ing into them, while others receive but little, except the surface drain- 
age of the land immediately around them; but in most of them the 
fresh water is in sufficient quantities to give a “ brackish” character to 
the waters. Owing to the narrow and often shallow channels by which 
the ponds communicate with the open waters, the tide is usually irreg- 
ular, and its rise and fall often much less than outside, so that the wa- 
ters have little tidal motion. The shallowness of the water and the abun- 
4 
