INTRODUCTION. hi 
the sclerenchyma, which, instead of forming imperforated lamella as in the preceding 
groups, is always porous, or even reticulate. In general the mural apparatus constitutes 
here the greatest part of the corallum, and does not consist of costal lamme ; the walls 
are always perforated, and completely or nearly completely naked. It is also to be 
remarked, that the visceral chamber is almost completely open from top to bottom, and 
never filled up with dissepiments or synapticule, as in most of the Zoantharia aporosa, or 
with tabul, as will be seen in the next two sections of this order. 
The perforated Zoantharia form three natural families: Kupsammide, Madreporide, 
and Poritidee. 
Family V. 
EUPSAMMID i. 
Milne Edw. and J. Haime, Amn. des Sc. Nat., 3° serie, vol. x, p. 65, 1848. 
Corallum simple or complex, with well-developed lamellar septa, a spongiose columella, 
and perforated, granular, subcostulated walls. 
The septa are always numerous, and those of the last cyclum are never situated in the 
direction of a line drawn from the centre of the calice to its circumference, but are bent 
towards those of the penultimate cyclum, so as to produce the appearance of a six- or 
twelve-branched star. The imterseptal loculi are completely open from top to bottom, or 
divided only by a few incomplete trabiculz. The walls have a granulate vermiculate surface, 
and become often very thick in advanced age, but never constitute a loose spongy mass, 
as in Madreporidee and Poritidee, or a compact ccenenchyma, as in Oculinide. 
The star-like arrangement of the septa, which is visible in transverse sections of these 
corallums, as well as in the calice, is not met with in any other family. The principal 
septa are sometimes imperforate, but those of the succeeding cycla are more or less porous. 
It is also to be noted that there are never any pali, and that the coste are always rudi- 
mentary ; sometimes there is a rudimentary epitheca. 
Ll. Genus HurpsaAMMIA. 
Milne Edw. and J. Haime, Ann. Sc. Nat., 3™ série, vol. x, p. 77, 1848. 
Corallum simple, subturbinate, free, and not presenting any lateral mural expansions. 
Calice oval and rather deep. Septa broad, slightly exsert, granulate, closely set, and 
forming four or five cycla. Cost simple, distinct from the basis of the corallum, nearly 
equal, slightly vermiculate, and composed of a series of distinct, projecting granule. 
Typ. sp., Eupsammia trochiformis, Milne Edw. and J. Haime, loc. cit., tab. i, fig. 3; Madrepora trochi- 
Sormis, Pallas ; Turbinolia elliptica, Brongniart. 
