Tue CastLeE oF DumrrRiEs. 59 
to his peace, ordered reward to true Scots, and granted remission 
to such as were in fault. 
‘“¢The Sotheroun fled off Scotland on ilk sid 
Be sey and land without langer abaid, 
Off Castellys, towyns, than Wallace chyftanys maid 
Rewlyt the land, and put it to the rest 
With trew keparys; the quhilk be traistyt best.” 
ENGLISH OCCUPATION RESUMED. 
Again, in 1298, a great army, led by the King in person, 
entered Scotland, and meeting the Scots, under Wallace. defeated 
them, 22nd July, near Falkirk. A few months later occupation 
of the Castle of Dumfries had been resumed by the English, and 
Edward continued in possession for the next seven years, when 
Bruce effected its capture. 
On the re-occupation, Sir Robert de Clifford had charge, and 
the Castle, no longer grouped with those of Galloway, was fre- 
quently associated with the Castle of Lochmaben. 
In the order of the war, the King usually entered into in- 
dentures or written agreements by which his officers should provide 
certain men-at-arms and others, and serve with them in a specified 
capacity, in return for wages and stated quantities of provisions 
for their support. In regard to the horses of the men-at-arms 
the animals were valued by a jury of twelve experts, and in case 
of being lost in the service of the King, the ascertained price was 
allowed by him to the owner. In the rolls many hundreds of 
horses are described in some such form as the following short 
extract :—“ Sir Robert de Clifford has a white dappled charger, 
value 45 marks ; Sir Symond de Clifford, his knight, a dun horse 
with a star on the forehead, £20; Sir Roger de Kirkpatrick, his 
knight, has a brown bay horse, value £10.’’ These were powerful 
animals, which in action were covered with mail armour; they 
contributed to the display so much prized in medizval warfare, 
but proved less serviceable than usual on broken ground common 
- in Scotland. On this account and the scarcity consequent on the 
drain through the war, small light unarmoured horses were intro- 
duced from Ireland; the horse was called a hobby, the rider a 
hobbler. Some of the duties of the hobbler were scouting and 
spying. Thus Sir Robert de Clifford, warden of Lochmaben 
Castle and the valley of Annan, requests Master Richard de 
