THE MIGRATIONS OF MAN. 21 
developed and wildest negroes, mostly pagans, devoted to 
horrible Juju and Obi superstitions, have been driven either into 
the Malarial forests of the West African littoral or into the moun- 
tains east of the Benue and Niger, where small cannibal tribes 
still hold out. 
Different tribes of Negroes have invaded West Africa at 
many different periods, where, of course, their descendants are 
almost hopelessly mixed up. But other races have also traversed 
this route from Egypt to Timbuctoo. MHamitic peoples such as 
Hausas and Fulahs (or crosses between Negro and Hamite) have 
occupied a large part of the best territory. There have also been 
Arab and Mahomedan invasions: indeed the last of these, the 
Dervishes, still occupy a very rich and fertile portion between 
Lake Tschad and Khartoum. There the shadow of slavery and 
atrocious cruelty still rests upon the Dark Continent. The other 
main highway ot Africa is the line of the Cape to Cairo Railway, 
that is by the Nile, Tanganyika, Nyassa, and Rhodesia. 
The Bushmen have been pushed back as far as South-West 
Africa by the Negroes.* Upon the footsteps of the Negro there 
followed such people as the Masai, the Galla, and the Somali, as 
well as the Wahuma or ruling class of Uganda. Of these the 
Gallas had reached Abyssinia in 1542. The Dervishes also 
attempted to follow this ancient route south, but they were beaten 
back by the Abyssinians and finally driven west by ourselves after 
the great battle of Khartoum. 
Other races, Sabaeans, Arabs, Portuguese, Dutch, and Eng- 
lish have endeavoured to exploit Africa from the east, from such 
centres as Aden, Mombassa, Zanzibar, Mozambique, and Lorenzo 
Marques. So far as cne can follow the somewhat mysterious 
history of the Sabaeans, they seemed to have worked by means of 
great chartered companies, managed from Zanzibar and Aden.t 
So like the great Arab slave traders of some fifteen to twenty years 
ago,§ and, like the Imperial British East African Company, they 
claimed a suzerainty over Central and East Africa and traded in 
it, but they never either colonised or held it effectually. 
* To me the Hottentots seem only a cross between Bushmen and 
Negro. Compare Haddon and others /. c. 
+ Blundell Geo. Journ., Feb., 1900. 
t Reinisch Geog. Journ., March, 1897. 
§ Hinde Fall of the Congo Arabs. 
