26 THE MIGRATIONS OF MAN. 
long heads and oval faces, and whose resemblance to Spaniards 
is very remarkable. Indeed it has led to a tradition that they are 
the descendants of ship-wrecked sailors of the Spanish Armada. 
I doubt this, first, because Tacitus notices the Spanish appear- 
ance of the Welsh Silures, and also because a careful and elabo- 
rate account of the destruction of that fleet tends to show that 
exceedingly few sailors escaped.* So at that time our country 
was more or less civilised: the good lands were cleared of forest, 
and, no doubt, a certain amount of art, luxury, and wealth 
existed, which continued until a period of which it is not very 
easy to fix the date. First copper and then bronze was invented, 
and soon came into common use. ‘The dates given by the 
various authorities cannot possibly be reconciled, but the tendency 
now seems to be to place them always farther back. Flinders 
Petrie states that iron was known in Egypt in 3400 B.c.t Mon- 
telius, a high authority, points out that bronze daggers were 
known in Germany 3000 B.c.{ From 2800-2000 B.c. bronze was 
used in Crete (Evans) ;§ it had reached North Italy in 2000 B.c. 
(Montelius), and also Britain (Read)|| or at anyrate by 1400 
B.c. (Evans).{1 Taylor’s dates for the bronze age of Geneva 
(1500 B.c.) and for Greece and Troy (1300 B.c.) are probably 
too modern.x 
Trade had long existed in the Mediterranean, and, by 2000 
B.c., Scandinavia had commercial relations with the Mediter- 
ranean. Somewhere about this date then our Celtic Aryans in 
Switzerland had been supplied with bronze weapons, and in con- 
sequence began to increase in numbers and in military strength. 
Then these tall, dark round-headed Celts began to descend upon 
Central Europe: they probably collected stores of provisions and 
of cattle, and then, forcing their way through the defiles of the 
mountains, swept right across France. What happened to the 
original Cavemen, the tall, blonde, or red-haired Cromagno- 
nites? They were probably driven into Scandinavia and towards 
* Spottiswood Green Geo. Journ., May, 1906. 
+ British Assoc. Rep., 1903. 
+ Montelius Journ. Anth. Inst., Vol. 3, N.S., p. 91. 
§ Hvans Man 146 (1901). 
|| Read Man 7. 
e Hvans Man 6 (1902). 
x Taylor Origin of the Aryans. 
