230 The Origin of the Name Dumfries. 



history again dawns we find this seafaring race, whom we now call 

 Anglo-Saxons, established along the east coast of England and of 

 the southern part of Scotland. The expression " Anglo-Saxons " 

 is a comparatively modern appellation, and it really refers to a 

 confederacy of nations established along the coast from the Elb 

 to the Ems, if not on to the Rhine, and consisting of Saxons, 

 Angles, Jutes, and Frisians. Of these the Jutes seem to have 

 established themselves in Kent and the Isle of Wight ; the Saxons 

 in Essex, Middlesex, and Wessex ; the Angles north of the 

 Humber; and the Frisians still further north. The earlier incur- 

 sions seem to have been by Angles and Frisians, of which the 

 Angles were the more important, and ultimately gave their name 

 to the southern kingdom (Angle-land or England), and we find the 

 chronicler Procopius, who wrote in the sixth century, stating that 

 the races inhabitating Britain Avere " Angiloi, Phrissones, and 

 Brittonesj" but it is right to mention that this does not refer to 

 the country north of the Forth and Clyde, of which he seems to 

 have had practically no knowledge. 



In support of the view that the Frisians were the tribe who 

 went furthest north I may mention that the chronicler Nennius 

 refers to the Firth of Forth as " Mare Fresicum," and they and the 

 Angles formed the kingdom of Northumbria, running from the 

 Humber to the Forth, which became very powerful, and one of 

 the Bretwaldas or Kings of which gave his name to a stronghold 

 on the Frisian Sea, Edwin's Burgh (Edinburgh). West of the 

 Frisians was the British kingdom of Strathclyde, with Dum 

 Breatan (Dumbarton) as its capital, and Caer Luel (Carlisle) as an 

 important place in the south, and it then consisted of the modern 

 counties of Westmoreland, Northumberland, Dumfries, Ayr, 

 Lanark, Renfrew, and Dumbarton. On the south-west there still 

 remained the colony of Niduarian Picts. 



The kingdom of Northumbria ultimately conquered Strath- 

 clyde and established its dominion over the Niduarian Picts, 

 who in consequence were called Gallgoidel (the Gaul or Celt 

 under the rule of the stranger), and it is from this name that the 

 modern Galloway is derived. Apparently the northern part of 

 Strathclyde ultimately regained their independence, but the lower 

 part of Strathclyde and Galloway still remained under the domina- 

 tion of the Saxons, and you will readily perceive that it was 

 essential that they should retain the lower part of Strathclyde if 

 they were also to retain Gallowav. 



