50 VEGETATION OF THE PEAK DISTRICT [cH. 
beech, is indigenous in the south-east of England. As a 
planted tree, the beech is locally abundant up to about 
1600 feet (488 m.). 
The Spanish or sweet chestnut (*Castanea sata = * C. 
vulgaris = * C. vesca) is planted rarely up to 1500 feet (457 m.) ; 
but it is seldom a success in this hilly district ; and its fruits do 
not ripen on the Pennines. In some of the lowland oak woods 
of Cheshire, as in Delamere Forest, the tree 1s much more 
successful; and the tree is said to ripen its fruits occasionally 
in one or two localities of that county. On sandy soils in 
the south and east of England, the tree not uncommonly ripens 
its fruits, as in Kent, Bedfordshire, and Cambridgeshire; and 
there young trees and seedlings may be seen in all stages of 
development in certain woods and plantations. 
The wych elm (Ulmus glabra = U. montana) is indigenous, 
and occurs up to about 1000 feet (305 m.). Above this altitude, 
it is frequent in plantations up to 1500 feet (457 m.). It is 
a constant and sometimes an abundant constituent in the 
damper woods, but is rare in the drier ones. In favourable 
localities, seedlings are very common. The seeds germinate 
very shortly after they fall from the tree; and seedlings may 
be found in August on damp, bare soil in sheltered situations. 
The hawthorn (Crataegus Oxyacantha =Q. monogyna) is 
an occasional associate in the damper and more shady woods, 
and an abundant one in the drier and more exposed woods. 
Frequently, it is the last relic of pre-existing woods on exposed 
hill-sides. The form or variety laciniata is common; and this 
indeed may be the indigenous form. 
The crab apple (Pyrus Malus) is never more than a shrub 
on the hills of northern England. The remark in Linton’s 
flora (1903 : 142) that it is “common everywhere” in Derbyshire 
is a curious over-statement. In the woods of Quercus sessilt- 
flora the plant is rather local, and rarely, if ever, abundant. 
In many seasons, it fails to ripen its fruits. 
The rowan or mountain ash (Pyrus Aucuparia) occurs in 
most of the woods; and, in rocky, upland, and heathy situations, 
it is often abundant. It is frequently the last isolated tree 
seen in ascending the cloughs. 
The raspberry (Rubus Idaeus) is abundant locally, pre- 
ferring damp soils without much acidic humus. A. fissus 
