Ir] WOODLAND ASSOCIATIONS 51 
occasionally occurs in similar situations. The bramble or 
blackberry is very abundant, “Rubus Selmert and Rubus 
dasyphyllus reaching the highest altitude ” (Linton, 1903: 114) 
of any of the segregates of this polymorphous group. The 
dewberry (R. caesius) is confined to the lower altitudes, 
where it is rather local. 
Briers or wild roses (Kosa spp.) are common and generally 
distributed, especially R. canina. R. tomentosa is local; and 
“ R. mollis” has been recorded. AR. arvensis is locally abundant 
at the lower altitudes. Other species of Rosa and Rubus are 
enumerated at the end of the chapter. 
Sloe or blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) is a constant, though, 
as a rule, an infrequent member of the association. Rarely, 
as by the stream sides in some of the cloughs, it forms dense 
thickets. It rarely ripens its fruits at altitudes greater than 
600 feet (183 m.). Buird-cherry (Prunus Padus) is abundant 
in some of the cloughs; but it becomes more and more un- 
common as the plains are approached. Conversely, the cherry 
(Prunus avium) is commoner at the lower levels, and fails to 
ascend higher than about 600 feet (183 m.). 
Gorse or furze (Ulex europaeus) is thinly scattered through 
the woods at the lower altitudes; and the dwarf furze (Ulex 
Gallit) is often abundant on the outskirts of the woods at the 
higher altitudes. 
Broom (Cytisus scoparius) is found but rarely inside the 
woods; but, like the two species of Ulex, it is often abundant 
on the outskirts of the woods, 
The holly (Llea Aquifoliwm) occurs in almost every oak 
wood of the district, and is typically abundant where the soil 
is moderately dry. It is occasionally the last isolated tree seen 
in ascending the cloughs. Linton (1903: 97) records it as 
occurring at an altitude of 1050 feet (318 m.) in Jagger’s 
Clough. The plant rarely produces flowers, and still more 
rarely produces ripe fruit at the higher altitudes on the 
Pennines. 
The maple (Acer campestre), as a shrub, is confined to com- 
paratively low altitudes, and is not encountered at all in the 
higher and remoter cloughs. As a tree, it is almost if not 
quite unknown in the woods of the district. The sycamore 
(* Acer Pseudoplatanus) is always an introduction, though, as 
4—2 
