It] WOODLAND ASSOCIATIONS 
hazel, sallows, maple, wild roses, ivy, and honeysuckle. 
following herbaceous species are characteristic :— 
Nephrodium Filix-mas 
N. spinulosum 
N. dilatatum 
Aspidium aculeatum (rare) 
A. angulare (rare) 
Athyrium Filix-foemina 
Rumex Acetosa 
Lychnis dioica 
(= Melandrium rubrum) 
Stellaria Holostea 
Aquilegia vulgaris (v. rare) 
Anemone nemorosa 
Ranunculus auricomus 
Fragaria vesca 
Geum urbanum 
Vicia sepium 
V. sylvatica (v. rare) 
Geranium Robertianum 
Oxalis Acetosella 
Mercurialis perennis 
Viola Riviniana, var. 
Myosotis sylvatica (local) 
Ajuga reptans 
Prunella vulgaris 
Lamium Galeobdolon 
Stachys sylvatica 
Veronica montana 
Asperula odorata 
Campanula latifolia (rare) 
Lactuca muralis (local) 
Hieracium vulgatum (local) 
H. boreale (local) 
Milium effusum (local) 
Poa nemoralis (rare) 
Melica uniflora 
Festuca gigantea 
Bromus ramosus 
Arum maculatum 
Allium ursinum 
Scilla non-scripta 
Paris quadrifolia (v. rare) 
Gagea lutea (v. rare) 
55 
The 
Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus (local) 
Tamus communis 
Neottia Nidus-avis (v. rare) 
Listera ovata (local) 
Helleborine latifolia (rare) 
Orchis mascula (local) 
Epilobium montanum 
Circaea lutetiana 
Sanicula europaea 
Conopodium majus 
Heracleum Sphondylium 
Primula vulgaris (rare) 
(3) Dry places with some acidic humus in the 
upper layers of the soil. The oak is dominant: birches 
and holly are usually present: the wych elm tends to be 
uncommon or rare: shrubs, such as hazel and Salix capraea, 
are fairly abundant: ivy, honeysuckle, roses, and brambles 
tend to be abundant. The ground species with showy 
flowers are of local occurrence, except the bluebell which is 
often very abundant, growing in great masses (see figure 5), 
especially if the soil is not too dry. The typical ground 
vegetation is that described by Woodhead (1906: 344) as a 
“meso-Pteridetum,” in which the bracken (Pteris aquwilina), 
the bluebell (Scilla non-scripta), and the wood soft-grass (Holcus 
mollis) occur as social plants (see figure 6). The shade cast 
by the trees and shrubs is less than in the preceding type of 
